Section 4.1. What is a mineral? Define a mineral. Describe how minerals form. Identify the most common elements in Earth s crust. Potash.
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1 Minerals Chapter 4
2 Section 4.1 Define a mineral. Describe how minerals form. Identify the most common elements in Earth s crust. What is a mineral? Liroconite Potash Sphalerite Gold
3 Earth s Crust There are at least 3,000 known minerals in Earth s crust.
4 Define a mineral. A Mineral (characteristics)is naturally occurring inorganic solid has a crystal structure definite chemical composition. Liroconite Potash Sphalerite Gold (Native Element)
5 Solid Minerals always exist in a solid form. Salt Diamond
6 Composition Although a few minerals are composed of single elements, most are made from compounds. Gold Liroconite Sphalerite Potash
7 Composition (continued) Quartz s chemical ratio (recipe) is always: Solids with a specific chemical composition SiO 2 Composition may vary slightly within a well-defined range. The recipe is still the same. Quartz Olivine 100% (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 100% Mg Forsterite Fe Fayalite Olivine
8 Magma Magma - Molten material found beneath Earth s crust
9 Minerals formation Minerals can form when differences in density force magma upward into cooler layers of Earth s interior.
10 Minerals from solution Minerals form from cooled magma and from elements in solutions.
11 Minerals from solution (Continued) Mineral crystals may begin to precipitate out of a solution that has become saturated.
12 Most abundant elements The most abundant elements in Earth s crust are oxygen and silicon.
13 Most common minerals The most common minerals, feldspar and quartz, are silicates. XAl (1-2) Si (3-2) O 8 (SiO 4 ) tetrahedron X may = Sodium, potassium, calcium
14 Silicates Silicate - Mineral that contains silicon and oxygen (SiO 4 ) tetrahedron
15 4.1 What is a Mineral? Quiz 1.Although a few minerals are composed of single elements most are made from. 2. Minerals always exist in a form. 3. is molten material found beneath Earth s crust. 4.Minerals form from cooled (Q3) and from elements in. 5.Mineral crystals may begin to precipitate out of a (Q4) that has become.
16 4.1 What is a Mineral? Quiz (Continued) 6. The most abundant elements in Earth s crust are and. 7. The most common minerals, feldspar and quartz, are. 8. The answer to (Q7), are minerals that contains and. 9. There are at least known minerals in Earth s crust. 10.Again, minerals are solids with a specific chemical, which may vary slightly within a well-defined range.
17 Section 4.2 Classify minerals according to their physical and chemical properties. Identify different types of minerals. Discuss how minerals are used. Identifying minerals Liroconite Potash Sphalerite Gold
18 Identifying minerals Minerals can be identified based on their physical and chemical properties. Liroconite Potash Sphalerite Gold
19 Color Gold Color is not a reliable test because a lot of minerals have the same color and can be mistaken for one another. Pyrite and gold, for example, cannot be distinguished by color alone. Pyrite
20 Luster The way the mineral reflects light (metallic or non-metallic) Silver Gold Copper Silver, gold, and copper have shiny surfaces and thus are said to have metallic luster.
21 Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.
22 Luster & Streak Both are tests used to identify a mineral. Luster is the way a mineral reflects light from its surface Streak is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered.
23 Texture Smooth Rough Ragged Greasy Soapy Glassy is how the mineral feels to the touch.
24 Cleavage & Fracture Both describe how minerals split due to their atomic arrangements. Minerals with cleavage split easily and evenly along one or more planes. Minerals with fracture break unevenly along jagged edges. Property of breaking with rough or jagged edges.
25 Hardness Measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched.
26 Specific Gravity Ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water
27 Special Properties Light refraction calcite Reacts with acid calcite Magnetism Magnetite
28 Most reliable way to identify a mineral The most reliable way to identify a mineral is by using a combination of several tests. Specific Gravity Streak
29 Ores Mineral that contains a useful substance that can be mined for profit Aluminum Gold
30 Classification of Ores The classification of a mineral as an ore can change once it has been mined. Nickel Iron
31 Mining of Ores Ores near Earth s surface generally are obtained from open-pit mines.
32 Gems are prized for their great rarity and beauty. Gems
33 Trace Elements Trace elements in a mineral can affect the color or the value of mineral.
34 Mineral Groups To appear smart when some asks you: What kind Of mineral is that? Mostly Quartz!
35
36 Quiz 4.2 Identifying Minerals 1. is not a reliable test because a lot of minerals can be mistaken for one another. 2. is the way the mineral reflects light. 3. is the color of a mineral when it is broken up and powdered. 4. is how the mineral feels to the touch. 5. is the property mineral has of breaking with rough or jagged edges.
37 Quiz 4.2 (Continued) 6. is a measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched. 7. is the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water. 8. are minerals that contains a useful substance that can be mined for profit. 9.(Q8) near Earth s surface generally are obtained from. 10. in a mineral can affect the color or the value of mineral.
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