Emile A. Frison IPES FOOD
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2 Sustainable food systems Vibrant local economy Environmentally sustainable Good health Social equity Sustainable food system Culturally appropriate Transdisciplinary - Political economy
3 From Uniformity to Diversity A paradigm shift from industrial agriculture to diversified agroecological systems The report asks three key questions: What are the outcomes of industrial agriculture and of diversified agroecological systems? What is keeping industrial agriculture in place? How can the balance be shifted?
4 What is wrong with our food systems? Triple burden of malnutrition Hunger, micronutrient deficiencies, obesity &NCDs Environmentally unsustainable Biodiversity losses, water pollution, soil degradation, GHG emissions, unsustainable use of natural resources, low resilience Social inequities Poverty, disempowerment Neglect of cultural values Directly associated with current food systems based on industrial agriculture
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6 Industrial vs diversified agroecology CONVENTIONAL/INDUSTRIAL Mainly monocultures, concentrated animal feedlots Genetically uniform varieties and specialized breeds Vertical and horizontal segregation of product chains Highly mechanized, labour saving with use of seasonal labourers at peak times (e.g. harvest) DIVERSIFIED AGROECOLOGICAL Temporal & spatial diversification at plot, farm & landscape level Less uniform, locally adapted varieties and breeds Integrated systems with natural synergies More labour intensive, all year round employment with better employment conditions
7 Industrial vs diversified agroecology CONVENTIONAL/INDUSTRIAL Maximization of yield/ha from a single/few product(s) Intensive use of external/synthetic inputs Large volumes of homogenous products for national and international markets through long value chains DIVERSIFIED AGROECOLOGICAL Maximization of multiple outputs/products Low external inputs, nutrient cycling, circular economy Wide range of products of more diverse products often destined at short value chains. Multiple sources of production, income and livelihoods
8 Organic agriculture vs diversified agroecological systems Input substitution to satisfy minimum criteria for organic certification is not enough! Organic 3.0 as described by IFOAM is well aligned with diversified agroecological systems : oecologically sound oeconomically viable osocially just oculturally diverse otransparently accountable
9 What diversified agrocecological systems can bring Economic Productivity and income Resilience and stability Environmental Ecosystem services Biodiversity Health: better nutrition and healthy environment Social: Employment Cultural: respect for cultural preferences
10 Outcomes of diversified grasslands: productivity NB: As there are little data comparing diversified agroecological systems with conventional/industrial agriculture, we use diversity and/or organic agriculture or other alternative systems as proxys
11 Outcomes of organic agriculture: productivity Overall, organic yields are typically lower than conventional yields. But these yield differences are highly contextual, and range from 5% lower organic yields to 34% lower yields. (Seufert et al. 2012) Increased yield in 17% of comparisons for organic agriculture and 87% of comparisons for SRI (Garbach et al. 2016) But most comparisons are done over short periods!
12 Outcomes of diversified agroecological systems: productivity & resilience 30 years comparison of organic/conventional
13 Environmental outcomes Keep/put carbon in the soil: turns agriculture into a solution rather than a problem Restore degraded land Improve ecosystem services Water and nutrient cycling Pollination Pest and disease management
14 Ecosystem services & yield Source: Garbach et al., 2016
15 Outcomes of diversified agroecological systems: boosting biodiversity
16 Outcomes of diversified agroecological systems: Virtuous cycles
17 Nutrition and health No negative health outcomes of industrial agriculture: pesticides/antibiotics Diverse, healthy diets Increased levels of beneficial nutrients, such as omega 3 fatty acids, and antioxidants such as polyphenols
18 Social and Cultural Social: More employment Employment throughout the year Closer links with consumers Cultural: Cultivation of diversity of traditional crops Integration of traditional knowledge
19 A major question Why do we not see a major transition towards diversified agroecological systems, given the expanding evidence that they can deliver on all dimensions of sustainable food systems? The political economy of food systems
20 What prevents change: 8 Lock-ins
21 Market concentration in multiple sectors 65%? 3 companies control 50% of commercial seed market. X 7 companies control majority of fertilizer sales. 5 companies share 68% of agrochemical market. 4 firms account for 97% of private R&D in poultry. 4 firms control up to 90% of the global grain trade.
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23 All have a common interest: maintaining industrial agriculture. But things are changing
24 8 Emerging opportunities for a transition to diversified agroecological systems Global recognition (MEA, IAASTD, FAO, 10YFP) Changing policies (CAP, Brazil, Cuba, France) Emerging multi-stakeholder initiatives (FPCs, JRC, NL) Integrated landscape thinking (City region, ILM, LPFN) Integrated food systems science (FSCs) Peer-to-peer action research (CaC, FFS ) Healthy Eating and Sustainable Sourcing (OA, FT ) Short supply chains
25 Changing the paradigm
26 Measuring what matters
27 Recommendations 1. Develop new indicators for sustainable food systems. 2. Shift public support towards diversified agroecological production systems. 3. Support short circuits & alternative retail infrastructures. 4. Use public procurement to support local agroecological produce. 5. Strengthen movements that unify diverse constituencies around agroecology. 6. Mainstream agroecology and holistic food systems approaches into education and research agendas. 7. Develop food planning processes and food policies at all levels.
28 Different pathways, common goal
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30 Key messages Industrial agriculture provides calories to global markets, but with many negative outcomes Problems are linked specifically to industrial agriculture Industrial agriculture is locked in place by a series of vicious cycles Tweaking practices can improve some of the specific outcomes, but will not provide long-term solutions to the multiple problems
31 Key messages (cont d) What is required is a fundamentally different model of agriculture: diversified agroecological systems These systems can compete with industrial agriculture in terms of total outputs, performing particularly strongly under environmental stress Change is already happening A series of modest steps can collectively shift the centre of gravity in food systems
32 Thank you!
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