common to both diodes. This can be viewed as two diodes having a common third terminal as shown in Fig _ +

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1 h rsmoll ipolar Junction ransistor Modl.1 ntroduction h ipolar junction transistor can considrd ssntially as two p n junctions placd acktoack, with th as ptyp rgion ing common to oth diods. his can viwd as two diods having a common third trminal as shown in ig..1. ig..1 ipolar ransistor Shown as wo acktoack pn Junctions Howvr, th two diods ar not in isolation, ut ar intrdpndnt. his mans that th total currnt flowing in ach diod is influncd y th conditions prvailing in th othr. n isolation, th two junctions would charactrizd y th normal Diod quation with a suital notation usd to diffrntiat twn th two junctions as can sn in ig... Whn th two junctions ar comind, howvr, to form a transistor, th as rgion is shard intrnally y oth diods vn though thr is an xtrnal connction to it. As sn prviously, in th forward activ mod, of th mittr currnt rachs th collctor. his mans that of th diod currnt passing through th asmittr junction contriuts to th currnt flowing through th ascollctor junction. ypically, has a valu of twn 0.98 and his is shown as th forward componnt of currnt as it applis to th normal forward activ mod of opration of th dvic. Not this currnt is shown as a convntional currnt in ig... t is qually possil to rvrs th iass on th junctions to oprat th transistor in th rvrs activ mod. n this cas, tims th collctor currnt will contriut to th mittr currnt. or th doping ratios normally usd th transistor will much lss fficint in th rvrs mod and would typically in th rang 0.1 to

2 n p p n ( / 1) ( / 1) Junction in solation Junction in solation (1 ) (1 ) n p n omind and Junctions ig.. h npn ransistor onsidrd as omind pn Junctions

3 . rsmoll quations h rsmoll transistor modl is an attmpt to crat an lctrical modl of th dvic as two diods whos currnts ar dtrmind y th normal diod law ut with additional transfr ratios to quantify th intrdpndncy of th junctions as shown in ig..3. wo dpndnt currnt sourcs ar usd to indicat th intraction of th junctions. h intrdpndncy is quantifid y th forward and rvrs transfr ratios, and. h diod currnts ar givn as: ( / whr D p qa L 0 D n W 0 D n qa L N i D n i W N ( / whr D p c qa Lc c0 D n W 0 D n c i qa L N c c Dni W N Applying Kirchoff s laws to th modl givs th trminal currnts as: typically typically his givs: ( / ( / ( / ( / (1 ) ( / 1) (1 ) ( / 1) hs ar calld th rsmoll quations for th ipolar transistor (s ig..3). 3

4 ( / ( / ( / 1) ( / 1) (1 ) ( / (1 ) ( / ig..3 h rsmoll Modl of an npn ipolar Junction ransistor 4

5 .3 Mods of Opration h rsmoll J Modl is a good largsignal, stadystat modl of th transistor and allows th stat of conduction of th dvic to asily dtrmind for diffrnt mods of opration of th dvic. h diffrnt mods of opration ar dtrmind y th mannr in which th junctions ar iasd. h charg profils for ach mod ar shown in ig..4. (a)orward Activ Mod forwardiasd, positiv rvrs iasd, ngativ / >> 1 / << 1 hn from th modl, / rlativly larg / rlativly larg (1 ) / (1 ) small ()vrs Activ Mod rvrs iasd, ngativ forward iasd, positiv / << 1, / >> 1 ssntially th transistor conducts in th opposit dirction. rom th modl, / modratly high / modrat (1 ) / as high as 0.5 his mod dos not provid usful amplification ut is usd, mainly, for currnt string in switching circuits,.g. L. 5

6 orward Activ forward rvrs n p n n no p pc po pco vrs Activ pc pco rvrs no forward po p n utoff (O) pco zro po no pc rvrs p n Saturation (ON) forward po p n no pc pco forward ig..4 harg Profils for Mods of Opration of npn J 6

7 (c)utoff Mod uniasd, 0 rvrs iasd, ngativ / 1, / << 1. hn, lakag currnt na lakag currnt na (1 ) his is quivalnt to a vry low conductanc twn collctor and mittr as shown in ig..5, i.. an opn switch. Hi (1 10 MΩ) opn switch ig..5 h utoff Mod of Opration as quivalnt to a Laky Switch (d)h Saturation Mod forward iasd, positiv forward iasd, positiv / >> 1 / >> 1 Not: oth junctions ar forward iasd hn, / / / / (1 ) / (1 ) / 7

8 n this cas, with oth junctions forward iasd hr is a 0.1 drop across th transistor from collctor to mittr which is quit low whil a sustantial currnt flows through th dvic. n this mod it can considrd as having a vry high conductivity and acts as a closd switch with a finit rsistanc or conductivity. Lo (10 100Ω) closd switch _ ig..6 Saturation Mod of Opration quivalnt to a losd Switch 8

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