Host board of the KLOPIK transceiver
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- Hilary Gray
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1 Host board of the KLOPIK transceiver By development of the self-made multi-bands SW transceiver there was the task to create the simple, universal transceiving path having the minimum switching of circuits in the modes of reception and transmission, which provides the excellent recurrence so, with a minimum of components for assembly. The diagram of the main board is for the beginners in radio who has no have, as a rule, the difficult and expensive instrumentations. It is possible to assembly practically from the components and instruments that you have at home. The skilled radio fan can add at discretion to the diagram the necessary sites and make the small easy transceiver for operation on air from giving or in a campaign. The diagram of the main board is very simple, logical and "is easily read". It is the classical super heterodyne with one frequency conversion. In receiving mode (RX) the signal from output from the Band Bandpass Filters (BBF) arrives on the "classical" ring diode mixer. On other input of the adder the signal is coming from the Variable Frequency Oscillator (VFO). From adder output the signal of the intermediate frequency (IF) arrives on the first stage of the amplifier of the intermediate frequency (AIF) executed on VT1 and VT2 transistors. Loading of this stage is the quartz ZQ1 filter providing the main selectivity of the receiver on adjacent channel. The filtered signal is amplifies by one more stage of AIF on VT3 and VT4 transistors which is also loaded on the 4x-crystals quartz filter (ZQ2) which is «podchistochny» - («variable»). From output of this filter the signal arrives on the third stage of AIF on VT5 and VT6 transistors, and from its output on the second diode ring mixer on which the signal of the reference crystal oscillator (CO) executed on the VT10 transistor is also given. On output of the adder the sound frequency, signal which through normally closed relay contacts of K2.1 is arrives on the Low frequency Amplifier (LFA) on LM386 chip. This widespread chip has good intensifying and noise performances. The output of LFA is loaded on the variable R32, which provides the volume control. BA1 the computer headset has the "speakers" with a resistance of 2x32 Ohms and switched by parallel. On the C28, VD9, VD10, R26, C24 and VT9 elements the diagram of the automatic gain control (AGC) are offered by Sergey Belenetsky, US5MSQ from the receiver Malysh ( Kid ). Despite the simplicity, to AGC is quite effective and allows get very comfortably signals with levels from band s noise up to db on S-meter. The AGC starts working on measuring signals since 7 points and more. In my opinion, no sense "to push" the more feeble signals. On selected operation AGC easily reads the feeble stations on background of the much more powerful stations. In S-meter uses the direct current amplifier on the VT11 transistor, which is loaded on the microampere meter with current of the maximum deviation 200 mka. Before passing to reviewing of operation of a path in a transmission mode, I will mark that all three stages of AIF are reversing. In a transmission mode (TX) when clicking a pedal - the relays K1-K2 are working. Relay s contacts K1.1 are reversing the direction of passing of a signal in AIF stages, and through contacts of K3.1 the supply voltage moves on microphone amplifier, (supply voltage gets from S-meter of Low frequency and DC amplifiers). The signal from the microphone amplifier on VT7 and VT8 transistors arrives to the ring adder on VD5 VD8 diodes, in a transmission mode playing a role of the balance modulator. From a modulator output the double sideband suppressed carrier signal (DSB) passes through all three stages of AIF in the "reverse" direction (i.e. from the balance modulator to the adder on VD1 VD4 diodes), and in the course of passing of a signal quartz ZQ1 and ZQ2 filters select the required side band, i.e. the SSB signal is created. The further transfer of the single sideband wave of IF on the working frequency, which is in one of amateur SW bands, is happens in the ring of adder on VD1 VD4 diodes. After that, the signal is coming to the band bandpass filters. One set of the 50 Ohms of BBF is in use in the TX and RX modes. The tuning R20 resistor regulates suppression bearing in the balance modulator. Perhaps, for more deep suppression it is necessary to connect by parallel the tuning capacitor with a capacity of 4-25 pf to any of diodes of the modulator. Sometimes such condensers on diagrams looks as a dotted line. However, in case of well-fitted diodes there is no need to use the condenser. That is why it is missing on the diagram. Some words about the reverse stages. The modes of transistors are set automatically, and the stages does not need to customize in case of good operational elements. In case of supply voltage of +6V the gain amount of such stage makes db, in case of +9V +20dB, in case of 12V dB. Thus, due to deep back couplings, the stage works very steadily, and the gain amount poorly depends on type of the used transistors. The first experiments were made on pairs of KT315 and KT361 transistors, but, being guided by desire to receive the most achievable noise performances of a path in the RX mode, I gave preference to KT368 transistors. Transistors of structure r-p-r, working in a transmission mode, can be any of the KT363, KT326, KT3107 series. On the diagram, all three stages are identical, except for a stage on VT5 and VT6 in which there is no condenser in an emitter circuit of the VT5 transistor. It is made for lowering of gain amount in a TX mode that allows to avoid an overload of the subsequent stages and the adder. The KP501 transistor could be replaced by the imported one - 2N7000. The head from cassette tape recorder well approaches as the S-meter indicator. It is desirable to pick up the diodes for adders for direct resistance. Certainly, the best results will turn out if using the diodes which are specially developed for adders and picked up in "fours" (for example, KD922AG, KDS523). However if these diodes could not be found, it is not necessary to despair in the diagram will work on even KD521, KD522, 1N4148 not bad. Broadband T1, T2 and T8 transformers are wound on K7x4x2 rings by permeability HH - three slightly stranded of 0,16 mm PEV-2 wires (2-3 strands on centimeter) and turn rounds. The transformer of the balance T7 modulator shall have sufficient inductivity for signals of audio frequencies therefore it needs to be wound on K10x6x5 ring permeability not lower than 1000HH the same stranded of wires (in one layer) before filling of a ring. Special attention on symmetry of execution of windings of all transformers quality of balancing of adders depends on it. T3-T6 are wound on K7x4x2 rings by permeability HH double stranded (2-3 strands on centimeter) 0,16mm PEV-2 wire and turn rounds, the switched on concordant is serial (the beginning of one winding connects to the end another, forming an average output). The L1 coil used for frequency control has 25 rounds of a 0,1mm PEV-2 wire - wounded on a frame with a diameter of 5-6 mm with the set-up core and placed in the screen. The illustrations how to turn the T1-T8 are on the figure below. The K1-K3 relays are small-size RES49, REK23 or TR5V L-S-Z-12V. About quartz filters: in authoring article the 1st FOS eight-crystal, 2nd («podchistochny» - («variable»)) four-crystal. However, it not the requirement, and it is rather, a wish. In principle, in the diagram it is possible to use any filters and on any frequency, that is available at home. This one more advantage of the applied reverse stages in which there are no the resonant circuits requiring setup. However it must be kept in mind that as in AIF is not optimal, but very simple and available for the beginners, the single requirement to quartz filters consists in value of their input and output resistance which should be within Ohms. As a rule, the quartz filters manufactured on widespread PAL s quartz resonators on the frequency of 8,867 MHz meets this requirement. On main board v2.1 there is a place for assembly the quartz filters KF-8m and PKF-4m. Within the host board it is possible to use any VFO or a frequency synthesizer working at the corresponding frequencies and creating the required tension of output signal. It is not necessary to give on the adder tension more than 1,2-1,5V since it will lead to growth of intrinsic noises of a path. Nevertheless, if the used VFO has sufficient power, in the first adder it is possible to set on two sequentially included the diode in a shoulder. In this case it is possible to expect some increase in dynamic range (on some decibels) in the RX mode, and also it is possible to increase the level of output signal in a TX mode to mv instead of mv with the adder in which it is set on one diode in each shoulder. The microphone amplifier on VT7 and VT8 transistors has 2 inputs: for dynamic microphone and electret one - MKE-3. If the transceiver works with the electret microphone, with a having EMF of 100 mv and more, it is enough to set only the emitter follower, having made it on any of known diagrams. It is simply to count the real sensitivity: losses in BBF - 6 db, losses in the adder - 6 db, gain amount of the 1st AIF db, losses in the 1st quartz filter--6 db, gain amount of the 2nd AIF db, losses in the 2nd quartz filter -4 db, gain amount of the 3rd AIF db. Total, to a detector input (in front of the C11 condenser) the gain amount of a receiving path makes +38 db or 80 times on tension. the real measured sensitivity from the detector input (in case of a ratio signal/noise of 10 db) are 10μV. Thus, extremely achievable sensitivity from an antenna input can reach 0,125 μv. It theoretically, and is real not worse 0,35 μv. Also thanks to low-noise AIF with its rather small gain. On low frequencies much easier to receive big gain amount (as, for example, in receivers of direct conversion). LFA gain amount on a chip of LM368 can reach over 70 db! To clean excess of gain ("white noise"), the set-up R29 resistor is set. The main path can be added by he telegraphic generator. Its diagram practically does not differ from the diagram OG (except for a frequency control element - instead of inductivity the condenser that allow "to drag away" generator frequency "up").
2 Wiring diagram of the host board TRX "Klopik" (board 2.0).. On this board installation of assembled quartz filters "KF-8m" and "PKF-4m" is possible.
3 The set Desna (Kit for assembly of KF and PKF quartz filters) The set is intended for manufacture of quartz filters of the Klopik transceiver: 8-crystal the main selection and 4-crystal podchistochny (variable) filter with change bandpass range (0,7 2,7KHz). For assembly of ladder quartz filters are used the identical quartz resonators of 8, MHz from television PAL/SECAM of prefixes. As showed measurements, the specified quartzes have high good quality. The resonant interval makes about khz. The manufactured 8-crystal quartz filter from such resonators has the following parameters: squareness coefficient on levels 6 and 60 of db ~ 1.6; attenuation behind bandpass range more than 80 db; non-uniformity in bandpass range db; bandpass range on the level of 6 db 2.4 ± 0,15 KHz; input and output resistance - 202±10 of Ohm. Description of goods Quartz of MHz (for KF and PKF) Quartz of MHz (for OKG) The condenser - 15 pf (150) The condenser - 39 pf (390) The condenser - 47 pf (470) The condenser - 56 pf (560) The condenser - 91 pf (910) The condenser pf (111) The condenser pf (121) Varicap KV127B Quantity 1 RADIO SHOP of RV3YF The kit of the main board V2.1 of the TRX Klopik description of goods quantity description of goods quantity Printed circuit board v2.1 Kit for assembly of KF and PKF quartz filters LM386 chip Chip 78L09 KP501 (2N7000) transistor KT326 transistor KT368 transistor KT315 transistor KD521 diode (1N4148) Diode pack of KDS523VR Ferrite ring НН 7х4х2 Ferrite ring НН 10х6х5 Circuit frame with the screen RES49 (REK23, TR5V 12V) relay PEV-2 0,1 wire PEV-2 0,16 wire Condenser 68 pf Condenser 110 pf (111) Condenser 180 pf (181) Condenser 680 pf (681) Condenser 100 nf (104) Condenser electr. 4,7x50V Condenser electr. 10,0x50V 7 pcs. 1 m. 5 m. 2 Condenser electr. 22,0x25V Condenser electr. 100,0x16V Resistor trimmer Ohms Resistor subp. of Ohms Resistor subp. of Ohms Resistor subp. of 10-15K Resistor 10 Ohms Resistor Ohms Resistor Ohms Resistor 100 Ohms Resistor 680 Ohms Resistor 1K Resistor 6,2K Resistor 8,2K Resistor 13K Resistor 150 K Resistor 300 K Resistor of 1 MOhm The M476/1 (for S-meter) TM-4 phone with the slot MKE-3 microphone Mounting rack Stand of PCSS-6 (PCSN-6) 9 pcs. 8 pcs. 20 pcs.
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