Protestant Beliefs and Rituals What do most Protestants believe and how do they worship?
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1 Protestant Beliefs and Rituals What do most Protestants believe and how do they worship? I. Introduction A. A thousand years of development II. Protestant Reformation A. Catholic humanism in 16 th century 1. continual history of reform, especially from religious orders a) Examination of scriptures in original languages 2. Profound crisis in the medieval Church from 1500 a) Challenge to the medieval synthesis b) Challenges by kings over superiority of the pope c) Challenges by merchants over control of economic order by church d) Abuse of Renaissance Catholicism (1) opulence, priestly hanky panky (2) selling of offices, clerical concubinage, opulence of clergy and churches B. Martin Luther ( ), Germany 1. Catholic priest, Doctor of Philosophy, theologian, scholar of Hebrew 2. spiritual crisis a) Even with sacraments and mortification still felt anxious, not sure of salvation and eventual life in heaven b) Striving for spiritual security 3. Interpretation of scriptures a) Look back to the core story of Christianity: the New Testament b) Calling back to original purity of Scriptures 4. the message derived from Scriptures: a) We can be certain of God s acceptance of us in spite of what we do 1
2 (1) Sacrifice of Christ (2) Grace as a free gift from God b) What we do does not help c) Gap between God and humanity (1) Gap between God and humanity (2) Rituals fundamentally do not change our status (3) Focus is on God s act not human activity (4) Salvation eternal life in heaven-- rests not on person s deeds 5. articulating his dissatisfaction a) Skeptical about spiritual economy (1) selling of indulgences as one instance (2) Dominican Johann Tetzel, 1517 (3) Fund raising for St. Peter s in Germany by giving pardons less time in purgatory, b) 1517 Ninety-Five Theses series of ideas to be debated, nailed on church door in Wittenberg, Germany #32. They will be condemned eternally, together with their teachers, who believe themselves sure of their salvation because they have letters of pardon. c) Luther publishing his translation of the Bible (1520s) d) 1521 excommunicated, breaking rather than reforming e) 1525 marries Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he helped escape from convent in herring barrels, he was 42 she was 26 (1) Condemned celibacy on biblical grounds C. Reforming the Reformers 1. Luther remained too close to Catholic models a) Alternate understanding of God and society 2. John Calvin (Calvinism) a) Moral righteousness pursued, lust controlled, regulated life b) Work hard at our calling c) Most will not be saved 2
3 3. Larger gap between natural and supernatural orders; Divine and human a) Sacrament of Last Supper an aid to faith, not embodiment of divine b) This world is poor copy of God s heavenly world c) World: cold, dreary, dark night, sorrowful, full of pain d) Heaven: beauty, brightness, morning e) Distracting worldliness of arts, attack on stained glass, elaborate churches, vestments 4. Christian community to be made of Saints not Sinners a) Only the committed III. Core Protestant Beliefs--fundamental rethinking of the meaning of Christianity A. Primacy of Faith 1. God gives to people they do not create 2. Sacrificial love given to people by God provides salvation 3. Faith produces ethics, belief then behavior 4. Faith not merely belief in supernatural but total orientation 5. Emphasis on what one thinks belief, trust, faith 6. Later stress on feeling and emotion B. Faith then works 1. First conversion, then baptism; first commitment then charity 2. inward, interior journey 3. First orientation, mind then movement, feelings motivate behavior 4. heart and conscience C. Importance of individual 1. Between individual and God 2. Larger gap between the two 3. No intermediaries, no saints, priests, Virgin Mary 4. Independence but also soul is alone, anxiety producing D. Bible (Old and New Testament) 3
4 1. only source of divinely revealed knowledge a) importance of reading, preaching 2. language of people 3. German translation, rise of printing, rise of literacy a) First English New Testament, Stress on words: preaching, teaching, communal singing 5. Biblical language and stories structuring literature, language E. Priesthood of all believers 1. Minister is not ontologically different from congregation 2. Special learning but not special person a) End of monastic life of prayer and celibacy b) Family as little church 3. Everyone can bring prayers to God, priesthood of all believers a) No intermediaries open to personal revelation b) Controversies when conflicts with authorities 4. Does not initially cross gender barriers a) taking biblical injunctions against women speaking in public literally b) natural order: men over women; kings over subjects c) Women not ordained until late 19 th century [Music Here] IV. Rituals: Diversity A. High and Low Church 1. Catholic mass as ritual form high ; spontaneous preaching low 2. Vast diversity from Anglo-Catholic to Quaker B. Preaching 1. Bible based a) Literal or symbolic b) Intellectual or charismatic 2. Personal and historic stories 4
5 C. Prayer 1. Formal or spontaneous 2. Private and public D. Singing 1. Martin Luther wrote music 2. From a cappella organ or electric guitar or E. Sacred Acts (Sacraments) 1. What did Jesus institute? 2. Baptism 3. Others differ a) Lord s Supper (meaning changes), footwashing, confirmation, ordination V. Wars of Religion A. America settled at beginning of fierce conflicts over religion B. Catholic reformation 1. response, centralization, on offensive not well, you ve got a point there a) history of persecuting heresy, Jews but turned to other Christians b) cruelty and violence knew no bounds c) each perceived the other as of the devil d) utter reality of supernatural evil C. Political and religious re-orientation 1. wars and persecution between between Protestant groups and between Protestants and Catholics a) 1572 in France estimated 70,000 Protestants (Huguenots) killed in various massacres b) Period of witchcraft persecutions: in southwest Germany between there were 3300 executions; Switzerland ( ), there were 9000 cases tried with 5400 executions. 3. if not killed by battles than by plague that followed 5
6 D. Peace 1. fragmentation of Europe into smaller states 2. Princes deciding what religion of their subjects would be a) Model: preferred to be separated by land, no interaction b) Progressive: toleration, non-dominate merely tolerated only allowed private worship, no public role, second class citizen in politics, economics, culture error has no rights c) Tolerance, not Liberty American Denominational Structure Terminology (sociology): Religions: Term established in 18 th century by Christians to describe ritual and faith systems, in contrast with Christianity: Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism 2. difficulty with religions in local areas Is there Navahoism? Divisions within Christianity (later applied even to Judaism) Denomination Denomination: An association or fellowship of congregations with a religion that have the same beliefs or creed, engage in similar practices and cooperate with each other to develop and maintain shared enterprises. Denominations share a past history, common beliefs and rituals with institutions like schools and seminaries. I am a Methodist or I belong to the African Methodist Episcopal Church Congregation: small, individual community of believers who meet to worship. A ward is a congregation. A parish is a congregation [let them speculate about meaning] Non-denominational: a church that says it is nondenominational means that it belongs to no national organization or association. Typical they have a generalized, usually Bible-based, worship. Non-denominational churches are Protestant churches. They have names like Willow Grove Community Church rather than First Baptist Church. The trend in American Protestantism is away from denominational association. 6
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