Psychological Disorders. Chapter 14

Transcription

1 Psychological Disorders Chapter 14

2 Psychopathology is the study of the essential nature of mental disease- its causes, changes associated with it, and the way in which it manifests itself. Psyche=mind + Pathology=the study of something abnormal

3 DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth version, text revision. Atheoretical manual to help therapist correctly identify mental disorders.

4 Psychotic Disorders are usually considered the most serious form of psychopathology. People might say that a person who is psychotic is insane.

5 Classifications of Major Disorders Psychotic disorder: Severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and a move away from reality

6 Mood Disorder: Classifications of Major Disorders Disturbances in affect (emotions or moods), like depression or mania Anxiety Disorder: Disruptive feelings of fear, apprehension, anxiety, or behavior distortions that are anxiety-related Somatoform Disorders: Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury for which there is no identifiable cause

7 Classifications of Major Disorders (Continued) Dissociative Disorder: Temporary amnesia, multiple identity, or depersonalization (like being in a dream world, feeling like a robot, feeling like you are outside of your body) Personality Disorder: Deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns

8 Click Here for Dissociative Disorder:

9 Classifications of Major Disorders (Continued) Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder: Problems with sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior, or sexual adjustment Substance Related Disorders: Abuse or dependence on a mind or moodaltering drug, like alcohol or cocaine Person cannot stop using the substance and may suffer withdrawal symptoms if they do

10 Psychotic A psychotic person is out of touch with reality, and is unable to control their thoughts and actions.

11 Delusions False beliefs that individuals insist are true, regardless of overwhelming evidence against them

12 Hallucinations Imaginary sensations, such as seeing, hearing, or smelling things that do not exist in the real world Most common psychotic hallucination is hearing voices

13 Schizophrenia: The word schizophrenia means splitmind, the split is between thought and emotion. Click here:

14 Characteristics of Schizophrenia 1. Content of thought: Delusions or bizarre thought with no possible basis in fact. 2. Form of thought: Loosening of associations in which ideas shift from one subject to another, with no relationship to the first subject, and the person being completely unaware of the shifted subjects.

15 3. Perception: or hallucinations, hearing voices. 4. Affect: Blunting, flattening, or inappropriateness of affect. Blunting is no intensity of affective expression. Flattening of affect is no sign of affective expression. Inappropriateness of affect is laughing when you hear that someone died. 5. And others depending on the case.

16 Causes of Schizophrenia There are many theories about the causes of schizophrenia. 1. Environmental causes: It has been thought that early psychological traumas may contribute to schizophrenia. Like violence, abuse, or childhood stressors.

17 2. Another environmental factor is the through of the way the child was raised in the family. This theory states that family, especially mothers, can cause double bind.

18 Double bind communication: is two messages that state two different things, putting the child in a double-bind situation. I.E. The mom says to the child to come over and give her a hug (with a big smile on her face) when the child gets there she beats the child.

19 Although environmental factors can cause mental disorders, the new thinking for the most part does not attribute schizophrenia to the environmental factors.

20 Heredity You can inherit a potential for developing schizophrenia.

21 Brain chemistry The most recent thought on schizophrenia is that it is a biochemical imbalance that causes the brain to produce a substance similar to mind altering drugs that cause the psychosis.

22 A chemical in our brain called dopamine is thought to be over active and it is believed that this could be the cause of schizophrenia. The anti-psychotic drugs used to help schizophrenia are believed to block the production of dopamine

23 The brain of the schizophrenic: Two new medical techniques are now making it possible to view the brain of people. The C.T. Scan (computed tomography) takes an x-ray picture of the brain. The PET Scan provides an image of the brains activity.

24 Mood Disorders Major disturbances in mood or emotion, such as depression or mania Depressive disorders: Sadness or despondency are prolonged, exaggerated, or unreasonable Bipolar disorders: Involve both depression and mania or hypomania

25 Anxiety-Based Disorders Anxiety: Feelings of apprehension, dread, or uneasiness Adjustment disorders: When ordinary stress causes emotional disturbance and pushes people beyond their ability to effectively cope Usually suffer sleep disturbances, irritability, and depression Examples: Grief reactions, lengthy physical illness, unemployment

26 Maladaptive Functioning Approach: According to this view, people are judged as abnormal if their thinking, feeling, or behavior interferes with their ability to function in their own lives and within society.

27 Subjective Discomfort: Allows a person to define for himself what they will individually accept as normal or abnormal. A slight fear of heights might be considered normal, but if you wash windows 90 stories above ground, you may need help with this fear. The problem with this theory is that most alcoholics and psychopaths don t feel they have a problem.

28 Social Nonconformity: which is a failure in socialization. This person does not follow the basic rules of social conduct. It s not as easy as it would seem to distinguish between normal and pathological. Here is an overview of some of the major mental disorders; we will discuss them further today and in the next chapter.