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7 ! Latin Root Word: Tax- Opening Activity
8 Taxonomy CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS
9 Taxonomy! Taxnomy-involves identification, naming and classification of species! Carolus Linnaeus-used a two part Latin name called a binomal nomenclature.
10 Binomial Nomenclature! Species name has two parts (Genus and species identifier) " Genus species " Homo sapiens = Humans! Two part name = binomial nomenclature (Latin)
11 Why?! To overcome regional names.! Example: Mountain lions-depending on where you are, this creature has a different name.! Some names are deceiving: cat fish, crayfish, and silverfish
12 Devil Cat
13 Ghost Cat
14 Mountain Lion
15 Screaming Cat
16 Puma
17 Florida Panther
18 Cougar
19 The Linnaean classification system has limitations.! Linnaeus taxonomy doesn t account for molecular evidence.! The technology didn t exist during Linneaus time.! Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.
20 Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
21 Classification
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23 Evolutionary Categorization! Phylogenetic Tree-a diagram that reflects possible evolutionary relationships with branches to help classify organisms.! Based on similarities in the fossil record, stages of development, biomolecule similarities.
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26 Cladistics - is a relatively new system of phylogenetics classification that uses shared derived characters to establish evolutionary relationships. A derived character is a feature that apparently evolved only within the group under consideration.
27 ! Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. classification based on common ancestry species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor
28 A phylogenetic tree based on a cladistic analysis is called a cladogram. What derived character is shared by all the animals on the cladogram on the next slide?
29 Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. basis of arranging species in cladogram more closely related species share more derived characters represented on cladogram as hash marks 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER
30 Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade CLADE 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER
31 The Dichotomous Key A key is a device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism. The dichotomous key is the most widely used type of classification tool in biological sciences. The user is presented with a sequence of choices between two statements, couplets, based on characteristics of the organism. By always making the correct choice, the name of the organism will be revealed.
32 A. one pair of wings 1. B. Two pairs of wings
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34 Taxonomy! Taxnomy-involves identification, naming and classification of species! Carolus Linnaeus-used a two part Latin name called a binomal.! First part = genus! Second part = speceis! Example: Pantera onca
35 Classification
36 Things change! The classification system has undergone some changes due to advances in DNA technology! Originally, there were only two kingdoms, plants and animals.! What about protists, fungi and prokaryotes?! Eventually ended up with the 6 kingdom system of today, which are under the three domains.
37 Classification is always a work in progress.! The tree of life shows our most current understanding.! New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.! Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia! Plantae!
38 Classification is always a work in progress.! The tree of life shows our most current understanding.! New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.! Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia! 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae! Protista!
39 Classification is always a work in progress.! The tree of life shows our most current understanding.! New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.! Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia! 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae! Protista! 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Monera!
40 Classification is always a work in progress.! The tree of life shows our most current understanding.! New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.! Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia! 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae! Protista! 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi! Monera!
41 Classification is always a work in progress.! The tree of life shows our most current understanding.! New discoveries can lead to changes in classification.! Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia! 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae! Protista! 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi! 1977: kingdom Monera split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria Archea!
42 The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.! Domains are above the kingdom level.! proposed by Carl Woese based on rrna studies of prokaryotes! domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
43 Six Kingdom System! Currently use two alternative classification systems! 6 Kingdom system " Kingdom: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
44 Kingdom Archaebacteria! Unicellular prokaryotes! Archae- : ancient! Autotrophic: produce food by chemosynthesis! Evolved before photosynthesis! Live in harsh environments! Swamps, salt lakes, and hot springs! Methanogens: produce methane gas from H2 and CO2! Extreme Halophiles: salt loving! Thermoacidophiles: live in acidic environments (hot springs, hydrothermal vents)
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46 Kingdom Eubacteria! True Bacteria! Most use oxygen! Unicellular prokaryotes! Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria = Greatest number of living things on earth! Cause tooth decay, strep throat, food poisoning (Salmonella)! Accounts for most bacteria
47 Kingdom Protista! Contains all Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi! Protozoa " Phylum Sarcodina: Amoebas: amebic dysentery " Phylum Ciliophora: Paramecium " Phylum Zoomastigina: zooflagellates: Leishmaniasis " Phylum Sporozoa: Plasmodium: Malaria! algae! slime molds! water molds
48 Kingdom Fungi! Heterotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms! Absorb nutrients instead of ingesting them! Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, smuts, mildews, and molds.
49 Kingdom Plantae! Multicellular! Autotrophic and use photosynthesis as a source of energy! Most live on land and have a sexual cycle based on meiosis
50 Kingdom Animalia! Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic organisms! Have symmetrical body organization! Have standard sexual cycle based on meiosis and the recombination of genes.
51 Three Domain System! Compare sequences of ribosomal RNA in different organisms to estimate how long ago pairs of different organisms shared a common ancestor! Domain Archae = Kingdom Archae bacteria (Prokaryotic)! Domain Bacteria = Kingdom Eubacteria (Prokaryotic)! Domain Eukarya = Kingdom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia (Eukaryotic)
52 Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused
53 Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. cell walls chemically different from bacteria differences discovered by studying RNA known for living in extreme environments
54 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista
55 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae
56 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi
57 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia
58 Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction blurs the line between species more research needed to understand prokaryotes bridge to transfer DNA
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