17.1 The Linnaean System of Classification TEKS 7A, 8A, 8B. KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
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1 KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities.
2 Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. White oak: Quercus alba A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system.
3 Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics two parts are the genus name and species descriptor
4 A genus includes one or more physically similar species. Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. Genus name is always capitalized. A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. always lowercase always follows genus name; never written alone Tyto alba
5 Scientific names help scientists to communicate. Some species have very similar common names. Some species have many common names.
6 Linnaeus classification system has seven levels. Each level is included in the level above it. Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.
7 The Linnaean classification system has limitations. Linnaeus taxonomy doesn t account for molecular evidence. The technology didn t exist during Linneaus time. Linnaean system based only on physical similarities.
8 Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships. Genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships.
9 KEY CONCEPT Modern classification is based on evolutionary relationships.
10 Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data shown with branching tree diagrams
11 Cladistics is a common method to make evolutionary trees. classification based on common ancestry species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor
12 A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.
13 Derived characters are traits shared in different degrees by clade members. basis of arranging species in cladogram more closely related species share more derived characters represented on cladogram as hash marks 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade 4 Diapsida clade FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS 5 Archosauria clade SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE & IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID FEATHERS & TOOTHLESS BEAKS. DERIVED CHARACTER
14 Nodes represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade. Clades can be identified by snipping a branch under a node. 1 Tetrapoda clade 2 Amniota clade 3 Reptilia clade CLADE 4 Diapsida clade 5 Archosauria clade SKULL OPENINGS IN FRONT OF THE EYE AND IN THE JAW OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE SKULL SKULL OPENINGS BEHIND THE EYE FEATHERS AND TOOTHLESS BEAKS. EMBRYO PROTECTED BY AMNIOTIC FLUID NODE FOUR LIMBS WITH DIGITS DERIVED CHARACTER
15 Molecular evidence reveals species relatedness. Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.
16 KEY CONCEPT The current tree of life has three domains.
17 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia Plantae
18 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista Plantae Protista
19 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Plantae Protista Monera
20 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Fungi Plantae Protista Monera
21 Classification is always a work in progress. The tree of life shows our most current understanding. New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. Until 1866: only two kingdoms, Animalia and Plantae Animalia 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera Plantae Protista 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom 1977: kingdom Monera Fungi Archea Bacteria split into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea
22 The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domains are above the kingdom level. proposed by Carl Woese based on rrna studies of prokaryotes domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity
23 Domain Bacteria includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Bacteria. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused
24 Domain Archaea includes prokaryotes in the kingdom Archaea. cell walls chemically different from bacteria differences discovered by studying RNA known for living in extreme environments
25 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista
26 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae
27 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi
28 Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes. kingdom Protista kingdom Plantae kingdom Fungi kingdom Animalia
29 Bacteria and archaea can be difficult to classify. transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction blurs the line between species more research needed to understand prokaryotes bridge to transfer DNA
Name Class Date. binomial nomenclature. MAIN IDEA: Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today.
Section 1: The Linnaean System of Classification 17.1 Reading Guide KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. VOCABULARY taxonomy taxon binomial nomenclature genus MAIN IDEA:
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KEY CONCEPT Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. binomial nomenclature
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17.1. The Tree of Life CHAPTER 17. Organisms can be classified based on physical similarities. Linnaean taxonomy. names.
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