Table Five Kingdoms 2/6/10. Three Domains. The land plant Divisions. Angiosperms

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1 Table 14.1 Five Kingdoms 2 Kingdom System of Classification: Plants & Animals (Linnaeus, ~1750) 5 Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia (Robert Whittaker, 1969) 3 Domain System: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya (our current best hypothesis) What does this timeline illustrate about the process of science? Three Domains The land plant Divisions Gymnosperms 150 mya 280 mya Ferns Angiosperms Bryophytes 400 mya Red 750 mya Green Brown Pro>sts 1

2 What is botany? Short answer: the study of plants (Kingdom Plantae, in Domain Eukarya) For Bio 1C: the study of Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and some photosynthetic members of Domain Bacteria What is Ecology? The scien>fic study of the interac>ons between organisms and their environments is called ecology provides a basic understanding of how natural processes and organisms interact, gives us the tools we need to manage the planet s limited resources over the long term Major Components of the Environment Abio+c components, which consist of nonliving chemical and physical factors, such as temperature, light, water, minerals, and air Bio+c components, which include the living factors all the other organisms that are part of an individual s environment. Hierarchy of Interac>ons We can divide ecology into four increasingly comprehensive levels: organismal ecology, popula+on ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem ecology Life on Earth - Timescale 3.4 BYA heterotrophs BYA O 2 begins to Accumulate 2.2 BYA first Eukaryotes 700 MYA sharp increase in Atmospheric O 2. Reached modern levels in Cambrian MYA 450 MYA life on oceans surface and on to land The changing earth: The Origin of Life Early Earth was a very different place than it is now. Chemically reac>ve atmosphere Very li_le Oxygen Very High UV and other energy sources (UV damages DNA/RNA) 2

3 Clock analogy for some key events in evolutionary history Early (left) and modern (right) prokaryotes Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 1) Pasteur 1850s Spontaneous Genera>on vs. Biogenesis Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 2) Pasteur and biogenesis of microorganisms (Layer 3) 3

4 So How did Life Originate? Four Stage Hypothesis 1. Abio>c synthesis of Organic Monomers (the building blocks) 2. Abio>c Synthesis of Polymers, including amino acids and nucleic acids. 3. Forma>on of Pre cells or protobionts: droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemistry dis>nct from their surroundings. 4. Self repleca>ng molecules arose, making inheritance possible Origin of Life experiments Miller Urey Tested for Synthesis of Organic Monomers Got all 20 amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleo>des, even ATP! The Miller-Urey experiment: 1953 Deep sea hydrothermal vents could also have played a role Producing organic polymers:dripping monomers onto hot sand, clay or rock. Stage 3- Laboratory versions of Protobionts or Pre-cells Condi>ons existed near ac>ve volcanoes and deep sea vents General Principles Prokaryo+c and Eukaryo+c cells and membranes (including membrane transport) Photosynthesis and Respira+on Trophic Rela+onships Common characteris>cs of cells Plasma membrane Regulates what goes in and out Nucleus or nuclear area Contains the DNA Ribosomes Manufacture proteins Cytoplasm Semifluid medium with organelles 4

5 Two Main Classes of Cells Prokaryo+c (Bacteria and Archaea) Pro = Before ; Karyon = Kernel No nucleus, DNA coiled up inside cell Eukaryo+c (Everything else) Eu = True DNA inside membrane bound organelle inside cell, the nucleus Eukaryo>c Cell (animal) Prokaryo>c Cell (bacteria) Prokaryo>c and Eukaryo>c Cell Structure Eukaryo>c Cell Structure Plant and Animal Cell Structure Nucleus: the control center Cytoplasm and Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis Endoplasmic Re>culum: plumbing, lipid and protein synthesis Golgi Apparatus and the secretory pathway Lysosomes: 4 types of diges>ve ac>vity Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: food and ATP energy Vacuoles: storage Cytoskeleton: structure and movement Plant Cell Wall: structure, osmosis and turgor pressure Lynn Margulis: serial endosymbiosis Origin of Eukaryo>c Cells 5

6 Single Celled to Mul>celled Fig Diverse habitats require diverse adapta>ons What is an adapta%on? From an evolu>onary perspec>ve: An adapta%on is any trait or feature of an organism that increases its chances of reproducing. Marine Freshwater From an interpre>ve perspec>ve: An adapta%on is any structure or mechanism exhibited by an individual species that allows it to meet its physiological requirements under the condi%ons posed by a par%cular habitat. Terrestrial Some adapta>ons Adapta>ons to live near shore (algae) to take advantage of nutrients Transi>oning to land means need water! Animals move, Fungi live underground (essen>ally) Plants developed specialized >ssue systems The vascular system in plants Protected gametophytes Linnaeus: 1750 s Binomial nomenclature 6

7 Taxonomy Three members of the violet genus Viola. They differ in features due to local adapta>ons, but there is an overall similarity. This genus has about 500 species Five Kingdoms Three Domains R.H WhiXaker 1969 Cladis+cs: Cladograms and molecular data Evolu>onary Trees What are the tools used by scien>sts to observe and understand evolu>onary rela>onships? 1. Ar>ficial selec>on 2. Fossil record 3. Compara>ve anatomy 4. Compara>ve embryology 5. Compara>ve biochemistry 6. Biogeography 7

8 Ar>ficial Selec>on: breeding The fossil record: A gallery of fossils Homologous structures: anatomical signs of descent with modification What about analogous structures? Co evolu>on Convergent evolu>on Compara>ve Embryology: Molecular Data and the Evolutionary Relationships of Vertebrates Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny the appearance of ancestral structures in the embryos of modern descendants (Haeckel) 8

9 Biogeography - Wallace s line Evidence from biogeographical studies: Some major episodes in the history of life Systema>cs: connec>ng phylogeny and taxonomy Taxonomy = the science of classifying organisms Phylogene>cs = the study of phylogeny, or the history of evolu>onary rela>onships among species Figure 25.8 Taxonomy starts with the la+n binomial, and exhibits a hierarchical structure reflec+ng phylogene+c rela+onships among taxa or groups of organisms Figure 25.8 Taxonomy starts with the la+n binomial, and exhibits a hierarchical structure reflec+ng phylogene+c rela+onships among taxa or groups of organisms Latin binomial or two-part name (genus and species) 9

10 Figure 25.9 The connec+on between classifica+on and phylogeny: this phylogene+c tree organizes taxa into a hypothesized tree of evolu+onary relatedness, with species at the +ps of the branches. How are these phylogenetic trees constructed? Traditional Approach: Phenetics Classifications based on perceived overall similarity 10