Biology Slide 1 of 28
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1 Biology 1 of 28
2 2 of 28
3 The Tree of Life Evolves (The Tree of Life Evolves Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries. Linnaeus classified organisms into two kingdoms animals and plants. The only known differences among living things were the fundamental traits that separated animals from plants.) 3 of 28
4 The Tree of Life Evolves (Five Kingdoms Scientists realized there were enough differences among organisms to make 5 kingdoms: Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia) 4 of 28
5 The Tree of Life Evolves ( Six Kingdoms 1990 s biologists recognized that Monera were composed of two distinct groups: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.) 5 of 28
6 The Tree of Life Evolves What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified? 6 of 28
7 The Tree of Life Evolves 1. The six-kingdom system of classification includes: Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia 7 of 28
8 The Tree of Life Evolves Introduced 1700 s Changing Number of Kingdoms Names of Kingdoms Plantae Animalia Late 1800 s Protista Plantae Animalia 1950 s 1990 s Eubacteria Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Animalia 8 of 28
9 The Three-Domain System 2. The Three-Domain System a. In 2000 s, Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic category b. domain *is a more inclusive category * larger than a kingdom. 9 of 28
10 The Three-Domain System What is the three-domain system of classification? 10 of 28
11 The Three-Domain System 3. The three domains are: a. Eukarya * composed of protists, fungi, plants, and animals. b. Bacteria *corresponds to kingdom Eubacteria c. Archaea * corresponds to kingdom Archaebacteria. 11 of 28
12 Domain Bacteria 4. Domain Bacteria a. are unicellular prokaryotes. b. cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell membrane. c. cell walls contain peptidoglycan. (polymer of sugar and amino acids that surround cell membrane) d. ecologically diverse- free-living soil organisms to deadly parasites e. some carry out photosynthesis f. some need oxygen 12 of 28
13 Domain Bacteria The domain Bacteria corresponds to the kingdom Eubacteria. 13 of 28
14 Domain Archaea 5. Domain Archaea a. are unicellular prokaryotes. b. live in extreme environments. c. cell walls lack peptidoglycan d. their cell membranes contain unusual lipids not found in any other organism. e. corresponds to Kindgom Archaebacteria 14 of 28
15 Domain Archaea The domain Archaea corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria. 15 of 28
16 7. Structure and Function Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) a. Small- 1 to 5 micrometers b. Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), and spiral (spirilla) shaped c. Need supply of chemical energy for food; store as sugar molecules d. Release energy during cellular respiration, fermentation, or both e. reproduce by binary fission (double in size, split into 2 identical cells) 16 of 28
17 f. endospore is produced in unfavorable conditions ( thick internal wall surrounds DNA and some cytoplasm) *remain dormant for months years g. exchange genetic information by conjugation (hollow bridge forms between 2 bacteria and genetic material moves from 1 to another. Allows bacteria to survive in new environment or to become resistant to antibiotics) 17 of 28
18 8. Importance of Prokaryotes: a. Decomposers *replenish supply of raw materials *essential in sewage treatment plants and water purification plants b. Producers *most abundant photosynthetic organism in world *Key in all food chains/webs c. Nitrogen fixers *Convert N 2 in useful forms d. Human uses *food and commercial products (Yogurt, drugs, digest petroleum) 18 of 28
19 Domain Eukarya 9. Domain Eukarya a. consists of organisms that have a nucleus. b. is organized into four kingdoms: 1. Protista 2. Fungi 3. Plantae 4. Animalia 19 of 28
20 Domain Eukarya 20 of 28
21 Domain Eukarya 10. Protista (Its members display the greatest variety.) a. eukaryotic organisms b. unicellular or multicellular; c. photosynthetic or heterotrophic d. can share characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals. 21 of 28
22 Domain Eukarya 11. Fungi a. heterotrophs. b. Most feed on dead or decaying organic matter (by secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing small food molecules into their bodies. ) c. either multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeasts). 22 of 28
23 Domain Eukarya 12. Plantae a. multicellular b. photosynthetic autotrophs. c. nonmotile (they cannot move from place to place.) d. cell walls that contain cellulose. e. includes cone-bearing and flowering plants as well as mosses and ferns. 23 of 28
24 Domain Eukarya 13. Animalia a. multicellular b. heterotrophic. c. do not have cell walls. e. Most can move about. (There is great diversity within the animal kingdom, and many species exist in nearly every part of the planet.) 24 of 28
25 18-3 Continue to: - or - Click to Launch: 25 of 28
26 18-3 Organisms whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom a. Fungi. b. Eubacteria. c. Plantae. d. Archaebacteria. 26 of 28
27 18-3 Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom a. Animalia. b. Protista. c. Plantae. d. Fungi. 27 of 28
28 18-3 Organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose are found in a. Eubacteria and Plantae. b. Fungi and Plantae. c. Plantae and Protista. d. Plantae only. 28 of 28
29 18-3 Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic classification that includes a. three domains. b. seven kingdoms. c. two domains. d. five kingdoms. 29 of 28
30 18-3 Which of the following contain more than one kingdom? a. only Archaea b. only Bacteria c. only Eukarya d. both Eukarya and Archaea 30 of 28
31 END OF SECTION
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