Thermodynamics is the study of Heat
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1 Thermodynamics is the study of Heat
2 Matter is made up of atoms and molecules. The atoms are always in motion. In a hot body, the particles are moving faster and thus have greater Kinetic Energy. This is known as the KINETIC-MOLECULEAR THEORY. The overall motion of the particles that make up an object is called the THERMAL ENERGY of the object.
3 The atoms are always in motion. In a hot body, the particles are moving faster and thus have greater Kinetic Energy.
4 HOTNESS OF AN OBJECT The Hotness of an object is measured as it s TEMPERATURE. We measure temperature on a definite scale. We use the Kelvin and Celsius scales in science. Temperature and Thermal Energy are not the same thing. Two objects of different mass can have the same temperature, but different amounts of Thermal Energy.
5 Particles in a Hot body have greater Kinetic Energy than in a Cold body
6 When two bodies at different temperatures touch each other, heat energy is transferred from the hotter body to the colder body by CONDUCTION. Heat always flows from the hot to the cold body. When enough heat has transferred from the hot body to the cold body to make both of them the same temperature, they are in THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. The transfer of energy between the bodies is equal.
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9 The Celsius temperature scale was developed based on the properties of water. 0 degrees is water freezing temperature and 100 degrees is water boiling temperature.
10 RANGE OF TEMPERATURE IN THE UNIVERSE TEMPERATURE KELVIN
11 In the universe, temperatures vary much more than the freezing and boiling temperature of water. Another scale was developed based on the Absolute Zero temperature. The Kelvin scale is based on Absolute Zero. Absolute Zero is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops. This is 0 degrees Kelvin. 0 degrees Kelvin is 273 degrees Celsius. There doesn t appear to be any upper limit to temperature, but absolute zero is the lowest that temperature goes.
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13 Each interval of temperature on the Kelvin scale is the same as on the Celsius scale. T C = T K T K = T C
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15 Thermal energy travels as heat from a material at a higher temperature to material at a lower temperature. The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact is called CONDUCTION.
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21 THREE KINDS OF HEAT TRANSFER CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFERRED FROM HOT OBJECT TO COLD OBJECT BY DIRECT CONTACT THEY TOUCH EACH OTHER CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFERRED THROUGH FLUIDS BY MOVEMENT OF HEATED PARTICLES (CIRCULATION) RADIATION HEAT TRANSFERRED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ( SAME AS LIGHTWAVES EXCEPT IT S HEAT WAVES)
22 Specific Heat is the amount of heat energy required to raise one unit of mass of a substance one unit of temperature. Like how much heat it takes to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water up 1 degree Celsius
23 THE HIGHER THE SPECIFIC HEAT, THE MORE HEAT IT TAKES TO RAISE THE TEMPERATURE.
24 As you heat up a substance, the temperature change depends on two things the nature of the substance, and how much heat is added. For example: It takes about six times as much heat to raise one kg of water one degree Celsius as it does to raise one kg of sand one degree Celsius.
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26 Specific Heat Examples One kilogram of water requires the addition of 4180 joules of energy to increase the temperature one degree Kelvin. The same mass of copper only requires 385 joules to increase the temperature one degree Kelvin. The symbol for Specific Heat is C
27 WATER AS A COOLENT COMPARED TO OTHER COMMON MATERIALS, WATER HAS THE HIGHEST SPECIFIC HEAT. THIS MEANS WATER CAN ABSORB A LOT MORE HEAT BEFORE THE TEMPERATURE RISES AND THE WATER BOILS. THIS MAKES WATER AN IDEAL COOLENT FOR CAR ENGINES, AND OTHER MACHINES.
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29 The heat gained or lost by an object as its temperature changes depends on the mass, the change in temperature, and the specific heat of the substance.
30 Q is the heat gained or lost, m is the mass of the object, C is the specific heat of the substance, and T is the change in temperature.
31 When the temperature of 10.0 kg of water is increased by 5.0 K, the heat absorbed, Q, is Q = (10.0 kg)(4180 J/kgK)(5.0 K) = 2.1 x 10 5 J
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36 BEGINNING BOIL ALL GAS HEATING GAS HEATING LIQUID BEGINNING TO MELT ALL MELTED FROZEN ALL ICE BOILING LIQUID
37 HEAT OF FUSION is the amount of heat it takes to melt 1 kilogram of a substance or change the liquid into 1 kilogram of solid. (- Q ) Heat of Fusion
38 HEAT OF VAPORIZATION The amount of heat it takes to change 1 kilogram of a substance from a liquid to a gas or change the gas to 1 kilogram of liquid. (-Q) HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
39 HEAT OF FUSION HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
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44 There s two ways you can increase the thermal energy of a system. You can add heat to it or you can do work on it. Thus, the total increase in the thermal energy of a system is the sum of the work done on it and the heat added to it. This fact is called the first law of thermodynamics.
45 A device able to convert thermal energy to mechanical energy continuously is called a heat engine. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE FOR YOUR CAR
46 A HEAT ENGINE CONVERTS HEAT ENERGY INTO MECHANICAL ENERGY AND HAS SOME HEAT LEFT OVER THAT GOES OUT THE EXHAUSE PIPE AND RADIATOR HEAT IN WASTE HEAT OUT TAILPIPE AND RADIATOR WORK OUT
47 A REFRIGERATOR IS A HEAT ENGINE IN REVERSE YOU PUT IN WORK, REMOVE HEAT FROM THE FOOD, AND THEN MOVE THE HEAT TO THE OUTSIDE HEAT MOVED OUT HEAT FROM FOOD WORK IN
48 A heat pump is a refrigerator that can be run in two directions. In summer, heat is removed from the house, and thus cooling the house. The heat is expelled into the warmer air outside. In winter, heat is removed from the cold outside air and transferred into the warmer house.
49 The second law of thermodynamics states that natural processes go in a direction that maintains or increases the total entropy of the universe. That is, all things will become more and more disordered unless some action is taken to keep them ordered.
50 ENTROPY IS THE MEASURE OF DISORDER IN A SYSTEM. IF YOU ADD HEAT, THE ATOMS MOVE FASTER AND BECOME MORE DISORDERED. IF YOU COOL THE MATTER, THE ATOMS MOVE SLOWER AND THERE IS LESS DISORDER.
51 THE RED ATOMS WILL SPONTANEOUSLY MIX THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID ENTROPY
52 ENTROPY IN YOUR ROOM
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Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57
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= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
Partnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools Supported by: National Science Foundation
Temperature: 6.D.3 Temperature and Heat Transfer Grade Level 6 Sessions Seasonality Instructional Mode(s) Team Size WPS Benchmarks MA Frameworks Key Words 1 Approximately 1.5 hours (10 minutes for cleanup)