Aquaculture Adaptation to Climate Change

Transcription

1 Aquaculture Adaptation to Climate Change Doris Soto (INCAR Chile) and Pedro Bueno (FAO Consultant, Rome) The global output in 2014 of farmed food fish, molluscs, crustaceans and other aquatic animals has reached almost 74 million tonnes and cultured seaweed and other aquatic plants another 27.3 million tonnes valued at USD and USD 5.6 billion, respectively. WHAT IS AT STAKE 1

2 Food fish production in Inland aquaculture mariculture Africa Americas Europe Oceania Asia eighty-nine percent of aquaculture production takes place in asia most of it in the tropical and subtropical belts (sofia 2016) and in freshwater Aquaculture not only relevant for direct food production but also for livelihoods Fish farming directly employs 18 million worldwide In 2010 FAO had estimated that 117 million were dependent on aquaculture through its multiplier effects Specially relevant for women in postharvest 2

3 CC-RELATED DRIVERS Drought and freshwater scarcity Changes in ocean circulation Changes in productivity of water bodies Floods Loss of coastal land and other ecosystems Acidification of the seas Extreme events/storms Changes in salinity and oxygen content Algal blooms Expansion and retraction of diseases and parasites IMPACTS Loss of production and infrastructure due to extreme events Loss of production due to diseases, toxic algae and parasites Shortage of wild seed Limited/No access to water for farming Short term events Limited access to feeds (both from marine and terrestrial sources) Decrease productivity due to Longer term suboptimal farming conditions changes/ (>ToC, >%S, <ph, eutrophication etc.) trends DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACTS ON AQUACULTURE Long term vs short term changes Short term changes Long term changes Increase climatic variability Temperature Unexpected changes Salinity Increase magnitude/ ph frequency of events Freshwater availability Increase storminess - Improve planning and management Sea level rise -In some situations, effects on aquaculture could be positive - There is much room for genetic improvement and selection of alternative species 3

4 CLIMATE VARIABILITY VS CLIMATE CHANGE ICEM USAID Mekong ARCC Climate Change Impact and Adaptation Study for the Lower Mekong Basin Adaptation A process that aims to generate resilience to external stressors and capacity to use potential opportunities in a sustainable and ethical manner 4

5 Some generalizations on vulnerability of aquaculture systems More vulnerable Less vulnerable (better adapted) Freshwater Marine water Shallow water Deep water Wild fry/seed collection Hatchery production Long culture cycle Short culture cycle Narrow tolerance range Wide tolerance range High trophic level species Low trophic level species Monoculture systems More diverse systems Poorly planned and Well planned and managed managed Pullin and White (, FAO Circ), De Silva and Soto 2009, FAO FTP 530 5

6 Aquaculture Vulnerability Climate drivers Non climate drivers +T o -O 2 + S% Farmed fish overstressed Aquaculture Exposure Reduce exposure to climate hazards Conserve natural fencing i.e. mangrove Build artificial defences seawall, embankment Aquaculture zoning and siting to less exposed areas Better weather forecasting and improved environmental monitoring and early warning system Improved disease surveillance systems Short cycle aquaculture techniques Closed aquaculture production system i.e. recirculation aquaculture, aquaponics Move to more adapted species Build deeper ponds and flexible cages Upgrade pumps and sluices Farmers can do Avoid stressing fish, thise.g. ensure plenty of oxygen Reduce feed conversion factors From larger scale/ Government support infrastructure investment and planning to local management and changing farming behaviour and technologies 6

7 Reduce Sensitivity Farm more tolerant species to the important stressors i.e. temperature, salinity, acidification Reduce dependence on wild-caught seeds Reduce dependence on fish meal and fish oil Give more attention to non fed species Diversify species or product range Diversify livelihoods Integrated farming systems Appropriate policies are needed But there is also a role for markets and consumers P-P cooperation Increase adaptive capacity Insurance for crops and farm physical assets Durable and reliable accessed assets i.e. roads, power distribution system, water supply system, communications system Organize and professionalize farmers and women s associations Establish networks, societies, cooperatives - strengthen social capital Establish Aquaculture Management Areas Improve access to training Appropriate and improved policies are needed, technology public-private cooperation is Promulgate clear and policies and regulations important Pay special attention to labour regulations 7

8 Enablers/entry points to adaptation in aquaculture Institutional and general governance aspects: Government policies and programs (e.g. mainstreaming climate change into national and regional adaptation/ development plans, integrated and risk based coastal zone management, community-based adaptation, disaster planning and preparedness. Laws and regulations (e.g. building standards, defining property rights and tenure, protected areas, farming and fishing (for seed) quotas, ethical employment, appropriate incentives) Economic (e.g. financial incentives including taxes and subsidies, payments for ecosystem services, insurance, microfinance), NAPs should include aquaculture Enablers/entry points to adaptation in aquaculture Structural/ Physical: Engineered and build environment (e.g. seawalls and coastal protection), Technology (e.g. genetic diversification, new farming systems and technologies, early detection and warning systems and technologies etc.), Social (including resource management): Participation, Information and Education e.g. participatory vulnerability mapping, early warning and adaptation planning and integration of awareness raising into education with appropriate gender focus, Services (e.g. emergency services, social safety nets and social protection) Behavioural e.g. livelihood diversification, changing aquaculture practices, integration with agriculture Organizational, e.g. Aquaculture area management under the Ecosystem approach to Aquaculture (EAA). 8

9 A perspective from governments on aquaculture preparedness under climate change: 70 countries responses (95% of global aquaculture) to the FAO CCRF global assessment 2015 Scores 1-5 Aquaculture zoning, including CC risks is absent or very weak at global level 9

10 What kind of policies to address long term changes risks and opportunities? Farming omnivorous vs carnivorous? non fed? Current trends are opposite Aquaculture diversification, is it a good idea to diversify?? When?? Where? Current situation shows more species being farmed but monopolization by a few, although strains substitution is happening Yet efforts are been made targeting well documented mid and long term scenarios e.g. a more saline tolerant catfish, higher temperature resistant salmon etc. Integrated aquaculture, IMTA Not happening All the above enough is but being we also driven need to explore by markets better C/B demand. under CC Consumers have a role!!!! One of the most important factors shaping the adaptive capacity of farmers, households and communities is their access to, control over and ability to use productively the natural, human, social, physical and financial assets i.e. the livelihood capitals. 10

11 The ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) An Ecosystem Approach for Aquaculture is a strategy for the integration of the activity within the wider ecosystem such that it promotes sustainable development, equity, and resilience of interlinked social-ecological systems. The strategy can be implemented in a water body, in a country in a region although ecological and social boundaries have to be considered 11

12 Risk assessment Cost/Benefit analysis Agreement by stakeholders Identification of issues looking in to Inputs, Resource use and Outputs. Aquaculture Inputs Resource use Outputs Seed Feeds Energy Water Land, sea space Coastal habitats Impacts Food Seed Nutrients Genes Disease Chemicals Ecological Dimension Social Dimension Institutional Dimension Climate Change as a relevant External Forcing Factor 12

13 The EAA management plans are essentially based on the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Selection or design of adaptation option is participatory and gender balanced Selected measures are compatible with the livelihood objectives, strategies and assets of the stakeholders; Resources and actions needed are widely agreed on and clear Not a rigid imposition so that it is reasonable to expect that participation is sustained. = imparts equity, effectiveness and legitimacy FONSECA GULF, CENTRAL AMERICA EL SALVADOR Mangroves Mangroves HONDURAS Mangroves NICARAGUA Estero Real 13

14 Shrimp farming in large, semi-intensive farms and small scale cooperative farming taks place here with different scales of environmental and social impacts (positive and negative). Farming very vulnerable to climatic variability and climate change The EAFA management plan in Estero Real has four components 14

15 IMPROVING ADAPTATION: GEF LDCF AND SCCF APPROACHES (Bangladesh, Chile) Strengthening governance at national and local levels improving the government and relevant stakeholders understanding of CC impacts (- and +) on aquaculture Implementing/improving weather forecast, monitoring and EW systems Risk based aquaculture zoning Improving adaptive capacity of local communities Improving farming systems e.g. CC prof hatcheries, and management; e.g. implementing AMAs Communication and dissemination, lessons learned 15

16 Research gaps and needs to improve adaptation approaches Inland aquaculture needs more attention, focus needed on food security species; carp, catfish, tilapia, Invest more in understanding long term and cumulative impacts More focus needed on impacts of multiple stressors and synergies with CC Effective EAA implementation needed 16

17 Thank you very much! Too bad they make cages so sturdy now, I hear that in the past, good storms gave opportunities for a good swim! 33 17