Particle size is used to distinguish among the various types of detrital rocks
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1 1 Sedimentary rock Rock formed by evaporation or by the accumulation and consolidation of sediments 2 Sed rocks account for about 5 % of Earth s outer 10 miles 3 "Sediments" may include: Rock fragments Plant fragments Animal fragments 4 Significance of Sedimentology Sedimentary rocks contain: Coal, petroleum, natural gas Gypsum, salt, limestone, etc. Groundwater Our planet s evolutionary history! (fossils) 5 Two Types Clastic =Detrital Chemical 6 Lithification of Clastic Rocks the process by which soft, loose sediment is converted into sedimentary rock 7 Two Methods of Lithification Cementation Compaction Silica Calcite Iron oxides 8 Chief constituents of sedimentary rocks Quartz, Feldspars, Micas, Clay minerals 9 Clastic sedimentary rocks Particle size is used to distinguish among the various types of detrital rocks 1
2 10 Particle size is used to distinguish among the various types of detrital rocks see Table What happens to sediments during transport? 12 What happens to sediments during transport? The grains hit and grind against each other 13 What happens to sediments during transport? The grains hit and grind against Angular grains turn into 14 Picture of rounding and sorting each other rounded grains 15 What happens to sediments during transport? 2) Sorting Grains are separated according to grain size, shape, and density 16 Picture of rounding and sorting 17 Common detrital sedimentary rocks In order of increasing particle size: 1)Shale 2)Sandstone 3)Conglomerate 18 1) Shale (detrital; clastic) Most common sedimentary rock Mud-sized particles in thin layers = lamin(e)a May lose 80% of volume during compaction Varied depositional environments 2
3 19 Shale containing plant remains 20 Sedimentary Environments 21 2) Sandstone (detrital; clastic) Forms in a variety of environments Commonly well-sorted, well-rounded grains Quartz is the predominant mineral (>90%) 22 Picture of Navajo sandstone, fig Close-up picture of sandstone 24 Microscope image of sandstone ) Conglomerate and Breccia (detrital; clastic) Both are composed of particles greater than 2 mm in diameter Conglomerate: rounded gravels Breccia :large angular particles 27 Picture of cobbles and pebbles on a stream bank 28 Picture of conglomerate 29 Breccia 30 Chemical Sedimentary Rock DEF.: rock formed from chemical precipitation or biologic activity 31 Chemical sedimentary rocks Precipitation occurs by: Inorganic Organic (biochemical) processes 32 Common chemical sedimentary rocks 1) Limestone (organic or inorganic) 33 Common chemical sedimentary rocks 3
4 1) Limestone (organic or inorganic) Composed chiefly of calcite (CaCO 3 ) 34 Common chemical sedimentary rocks 1) Limestone (organic or inorganic) Composed chiefly of calcite (CaCO 3 ) Organisms take Ca from water and precipitate calcite; their skeletons are calcite! 35 Fossiliferous limestone 36 2) Coquina (organic limestone) 37 Picture of living coral 38 Coquina (organic, clastic limestone) 39 3) Chalk (organic) Microscopic organisms Microscopic variety of a bioclastic limestone 40 Picture of Foraminifera 41 4) Inorganic limestone Includes travertine and oolitic limestone (oolite) 42 Dripstone 43 Picture of Ooids forming oolite 44 5) Chert (organic or chemical) Microcrystalline quartz (SiO 2 ) Varieties include flint and jasper (banded form is called agate) From single-celled animals and plants; radiolarans and diatoms produce silica shells 45 Jasper 46 Radiolarians picture 4
5 47 6) Evaporites (chemical) Evaporation of seawater or saline water results in deposition of chemical precipitates Examples: rock salt (NaCl) and rock gypsum (CaSO 4. 2H 2 O) 48 Picture of rock salt 49 7) Coal (organic) 50 Diagram of Coal formation 51 5
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