6. Which ecological principle is best illustrated by the diagram below?

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1 1. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the earliest heterotrophs must have A) been able to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic compounds B) used oxygen from the atmosphere for respiration C) survived on existing organic molecules in the seas D) been unable to carry on anaerobic respiration 2. Which is one basic assumption of the heterotroph hypothesis? A) More complex organisms appeared before less complex organisms. B) Living organisms did not appear until there was oxygen in the atmosphere. C) Large autotrophic organisms appeared before small photosynthesizing organisms. D) Autotrophic activity added molecular oxygen to the environment. 3. In an experiment by Stanley Miller, the chemicals methane, hydrogen, ammonia, and water vapor were subjected to a high-energy electrical sparking device at high temperatures. This experiment was an attempt to A) produce organic compounds B) produce elements C) duplicate aerobic respiration D) duplicate photosynthesis 4. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, the earliest conditions on primitive Earth included A) inorganic molecules and a small amount of available energy B) inorganic molecules and a large amount of available energy C) organic molecules and a small amount of available energy D) organic molecules and a large amount of available energy 5. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which change contributed most directly to the evolution of aerobic organisms? A) the appearance of organisms able to carry on photosynthesis B) an increase in fermentation by organisms in the soil C) a decrease in the intensity of light from the Sun D) an increase in the concentration of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere 6. Which ecological principle is best illustrated by the diagram below? A) In an ecosystem, material is cycled among the organisms and their environment. B) As a result of competition between two species, one species will be excluded from the niche. C) Competition within a species results in natural selection. D) An ecosystem requires a constant source of energy 7. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which gas given off by autotrophic activity made the evolution of aerobes possible? A) oxygen C) carbon dioxide B) hydrogen D) nitrogen 8. According to the heterotroph hypothesis, energy sources for the formation of the first organic molecules from inorganic substances did not include A) glucose C) lightning B) heat D) radiation 9. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely A) complex single-celled organisms B) complex multicellular organisms C) simple single-celled organisms D) simple multicellular organisms

2 10. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. According to most scientists, which sequence best represents the order of biological evolution on Earth? A) A B C B) B C A C) B A C D) C A B 11. A geologist finds fossils in each of the undisturbed rock layers represented in the diagram below. The fossils are all structurally similar. Which is the most likely conclusion that the geologist would make? 13. The diagram below shows the side of a hill exposed by an excavation. The rock layers have different thicknesses, colors, and textures. These geologic layers have been undisturbed since their formation. A) All the fossils are of the same age. B) The relative ages of the fossils cannot be determined. C) The fossils in rock layer D are older than those in layer A. D) The fossils in rock layer B are older than those in layer C. 12. If all species originated on the primitive Earth at the same time and did not change, which pattern would be expected in the geologic record? A) The lower rock strata would contain fossils of only the simpler organisms. B) The upper rock strata would contain fossils of only the simpler organisms. C) The upper rock strata would contain fossils of only the more complex organisms. D) Both the lower and upper rock strata would contain fossils of more complex organisms. The fossils in layer I resemble the fossils in layer II, although they are more complex. This observation suggests that A) all fossils belong to the same kingdom and phylum B) simple forms of life may have evolved from more complex forms C) many different organisms have similar proteins and enzymes D) modern forms of life may have evolved from older forms 14. The diagram below illustrates the distribution of fossils in undisturbed layers of silt at the bottom of the ocean. Which inference can correctly be made from the diagram? A) The fossils in layer C are older than those in layer A. B) The fossils in layer B are older than those in layer C. C) The fossils in layer A are older than those in layer C. D) The fossils in layer A are older than those in layer B.

3 15. A scientist studying fossils in undisturbed layers of rock identified a species that, he concluded, changed little over the years. Which observation probably would have led him to this conclusion? A) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only in the oldest rocks. B) The simplest fossil organisms appeared only in the newest rocks. C) The same kind of fossil organisms appeared in old and new rocks. D) No fossil organisms of any kind appeared in the newest rocks. 16. Insulin extracted from cattle is so similar to the insulin of humans that it is used to treat human diabetics. This similarity is an example of a type of evidence for evolution gained from comparative A) anatomy C) biochemistry B) embryology D) fossil study 17. From the information given in the chart below, which two organisms are most closely related? 19. Base your answer to the following question on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. According to this information, the closest evolutionary relationship most likely exists between the A) human and the chimpanzee B) human and the gorilla C) chimpanzee and the gorilla D) horse and the zebra 20. The sequence of amino acids in horse hemoglobin is very similar to the sequence of amino acids in human hemoglobin. This evidence supporting organic evolution has been drawn from studies in the field of comparative A) biochemistry C) anatomy B) cytology D) embryology A) A and B C) C and D B) B and C D) D and B 18. Which technique has been used by scientists to determine that the Earth is at least 4.5 billion years old? A) radioactive dating of rocks in the Earth's crust B) comparing fossils found in the upper strata to fossils found in the lower rock C) using the electron microscope to observe fossils of prehistoric microscopic life forms D) using x-rays to find fossils buried in the Earth's crust 21. The cytochrome c enzyme in a chimpanzee is more similar in structure to the cytochrome c enzyme in humans than it is to the same enzyme found in dogs. This suggests that A) humans and chimpanzees are more closely related than humans and dogs B) all vertebrate species have the same degree of relationship to one another C) humans and chimpanzees are not related to dogs D) only humans and chimpanzees have a common ancestor

4 22. The diagram below shows a comparison of nitrogen base sequences in the DNA of some organisms to those of a human. According to this diagram, humans may be most closely related to the A) ancestral primate B) chimpanzee C) gorilla D) orangutan 23. Similarity in the skeletal structures of whales, bats, and humans leads to the conclusion that they A) originated in the same environment B) belong to the same order of mammals C) descended from a common ancestor D) have the same chromosome number 26. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram illustrates one possible scheme of evolution among various groups of organisms. 24. The diagrams below represent the forelimbs of three different organisms. These structures are classified as homologous because they A) demonstrate the law of use and disuse B) are identical in function C) represent acquired characteristics D) are similar in structure and origin 25. The presence of some similar structures in all vertebrates suggests that these vertebrates A) all develop at the same rate B) evolved from different animals that appeared on Earth at the same time C) all develop internally and rely on nutrients supplied by the mother D) may have an evolutionary relationship Which inference does the diagram best support? A) Members of the animal kingdom are more complex than members of the plant kingdom. B) Members of the animal kingdom and members of the plant kingdom share a common ancestry. C) Chordates are more closely related to arthropods than to echinoderms. D) Members of the phylum Echinodermata and the phylum Annelida share a common ancestry. 27. Of the 500 eggs produced by a certain female frog, only 10% developed into adult frogs. Which part of Darwin's theory does this best illustrate? A) Favorable variations are not inherited. B) There is a struggle for existence among organisms. C) Mutations occur by chance. D) Mating occurs in a random manner in a species.

5 28. Which concept includes the other three? A) competition C) natural selection B) survival of the fittest D) overproduction 29. Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of natural selection are represented in the diagram below. Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? A) use and disuse C) changes in nucleic acids B) variation D) transmission of acquired traits 30. The graph below shows the results of an investigation related to evolution. 32. Darwin's theory of evolution is based on A) variation and natural selection B) use and disuse C) spontaneous genetic mutations D) transmission of acquired characteristics 33. In a study of tree snails living on a peninsula, differences were seen in the radula, a tongue-like organ with a circular arrangement of teeth. In each species, the shape of the teeth was modified to allow for the ingestion of different food materials. These differently shaped teeth are an example of A) transmission of acquired characteristics B) adaptation to environmental factors C) overproduction D) geographic isolation This graph was most likely developed from data involving a study of the A) transmission of acquired characteristics B) concept of punctuated equilibrium C) concept of gradualism D) variation within a species 31. Which concept about variations is included in the modern theory of evolution? A) Variations occur in animals, but not in plants. B) Variations are acquired and will appear in the offspring. C) Variations are the result of overproduction. D) Variations influence the survival of the individual. 34. Many modern evolutionists have accepted much of Darwin's theory of evolution, but have added genetic information that gives a scientific explanation of A) overproduction C) the survival of the fittest B) the struggle for existence D) variations 35. Variations within a species are most likely the result of A) mutations and sexual reproduction B) synapsis and disjunction C) mitosis and asexual reproduction D) overpopulation and recombination 36. Which factor has the greatest effect on the rate of evolution of animals? A) environmental changes C) asexual reproduction B) use and disuse D) vegetative propagation 37. Structures having a similar origin but adapted for different purposes, such as the flipper of a whale and arm of a human, are called A) homozygous structures C) homologous structures B) identical structures D) embryological structures

6 38. After the Industrial Revolution, dark-colored moths outnumbered light-colored moths in certain regions of England. Within the past 40 years, factories in these regions have added scrubbers and air purifiers to their smokestacks, and the relative number of light-colored moths has increased. The probable reason for this increase is that A) the allele for light color became dominant over the allele for dark color B) the environment favored the survival of light-colored moths over dark-colored moths C) dark-colored moths turned light because they needed to survive D) overpopulation occurred and most of the light-colored moths died, leaving only dark-colored moths to reproduce 39. Organisms with favorable variations reproduce more successfully than organisms with less favorable variations. This statement best describes the concept of A) overproduction B) use and disuse C) inheritance of acquired characteristics D) survival of the fittest 40. How does natural selection operate to cause change in a population? A) The members of the population are equally able to survive any environmental change. B) The members of the population differ so that only some survive when the environment changes. C) The members of the population do not adapt to environmental changes. D) All the members of the population adapt to environmental changes. 41. The diversity within the wild bird species in the diagram below can best be explained by which process? 42. Which concept was not included by Darwin in his theory of evolution? A) overproduction in a population B) struggle for existence C) genetic basis for variations D) survival of the fittest 43. Based on modern evolutionary theory, the development of a new species would most likely be associated with A) a constant environment C) geographic isolation B) stable gene pools D) a lack of mutations 44. Two squirrel populations are prevented from mating only because they live on opposite sides of the Colorado River. This situation is an example of A) reproductive isolation C) adaptive radiation B) geographic isolation D) natural selection 45. The Florida panther, a member of the cat family, has a population of fewer than 100 individuals and has limited genetic variation. Which inference based on this information is valid? A) These animals will begin to evolve rapidly. B) Over time, these animals will become less likely to survive in a changing environment. C) These animals are easily able to adapt to the environment. D) Over time, these animals will become more likely to be resistant to disease. 46. The American toad breeds earlier in the spring than the Fowler's toad does. Therefore, they do not interbreed, even though they often live in the same habitat. Which conclusion can best be drawn from this information? A) The two species do not interbreed because of geographic isolation. B) The two species do not interbreed because of a form of reproductive isolation. C) Adaptive mutations occurred more often during the evolution of the American toad. D) Fowler's toad has a higher rate of survival than the American toad does. 47. Geographic isolation of a small population from a main group may contribute to the development of new species. This speciation is more likely to happen if the members of the geographically isolated population, compared to the members of the main group, have A) an inability to survive environmental conditions B) the ability to resist genetic mutations C) different environmental factors acting on them D) the same initial gene frequencies A) natural selection C) ecological succession B) asexual reproduction D) mitotic cell division

7 48. The concept that new varieties of organisms are still evolving is best supported by the A) increasing need for new antibiotics B) increasing number of individuals in the human population C) decreasing number of new fossils discovered in undisturbed rock layers D) decreasing activity of photosynthetic organisms due to warming of the atmosphere 49. When penicillin was first introduced, it was very effective in destroying most of the bacteria that cause gonorrhea. Today, certain varieties of this bacterium are resistant to penicillin. Which statement best explains the appearance of these resistant varieties? A) Penicillin stimulated the bacteria to become resistant, and this resistance was passed to the offspring. B) Penicillin killed the susceptible bacteria, while naturally resistant varieties survived and reproduced. C) Penicillin used today is not as strong as the penicillin used when it was first introduced. D) Penicillin stimulated the production of antigens in the resistant bacteria. 50. In a certain area, DDT-resistant mosquitoes now exist in greater numbers than ten years ago. What is the most probable explanation for this increase in numbers? A) Genetic differences permitted some mosquitoes to survive DDT use. B) Mosquito eggs were most likely to have been fertilizedwhen exposed to DDT. C) DDT acted as a reproductive hormone for previous generations of mosquitoes. D) DDT serves as a new source of nutrition. 51. Which factor has most likely caused the rapid increase in the number of pesticide-resistant insect species over the past 30 years? A) a decrease in food production B) an increase in competition between plants C) more widespread use of insecticides D) greater mating between insect species

8 52. The diagram below shows the effect of spraying a pesticide on a population of insects over three generations. Which concept is represented in the diagram? A) survival of the fittest B) dynamic equilibrium C) succession D) extinction 53. An organism develops active immunity as a result of A) manufacturing its own antigens B) producing antibodies in response to a vaccination C) receiving an injection of antibodies produced by another organism D) receiving an injection of a dilute glucose solution 54. An individual who has had chicken pox rarely gets this disease again. This situation is an example of A) biological control C) active immunity B) negative feedback D) passive immunity 55. A person who is given an injection containing only antibodies would most likely develop A) allergies C) leukemia B) sickle-cell anemia D) passive immunity 56. An injection containing weakened forms of a diseasecausing organism will usually trigger A) absorption of histamines throughout the body B) secretion of antigens by lymphocytes C) production of temporary resistance to the disease D) production of antibodies providing active immunity 57. Which statement best describes how a vaccination can help protect the body against disease? A) Vaccines directly kill the pathogen that causes the disease. B) Vaccines act as a medicine that cures the disease. C) Vaccines cause the production of specific molecules that will react with and destroy certain microbes. D) Vaccines contain white blood cells that engulf harmful germs and prevent them from spreading throughout the body.

9 Answer Key [New Exam] 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. C 10. B 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. C 17. C 18. A 19. A 20. A 21. A 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D 26. D 32. A 33. B 34. D 35. A 36. A 37. C 38. B 39. D 40. B 41. A 42. C 43. C 44. B 45. B 46. B 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. A 51. C 52. A 53. B 54. C 55. D 56. D 57. C 27. B 28. C 29. B 30. D 31. D

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