Interactions of Living Things
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1 CHAPTER 14 Interactions of Living Things LESSON 1 Ecosystems and Biomes What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. After you ve read this lesson, reread the statements to see if you have changed your mind. Key Concepts What are ecosystems? What are biomes? What happens when environments change? Before Statement After 1. An ecosystem contains both living and nonliving things. 2. All changes in an ecosystem occur over a long period of time. What are ecosystems? You, a wolf, and a pine tree are all living things. Living things are also called organisms. All organisms use energy and do certain things to survive. Organisms interact with parts of the environment around them. Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environments. Every organism lives in an ecosystem. An ecosystem is all the living and nonliving things in one place. Different organisms depend on different parts of an ecosystem to survive. For example, a deer eats the plants and drinks the water available in its woodland environment. The plants that the deer eats are alive; the water it drinks is not alive. A deer needs both the plants and the water to survive. A fish in the stream needs water to survive. But it interacts differently with the water than the deer does. Abiotic Factors Water is an example of a part of an ecosystem that was never alive. Abiotic factors are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem. Abiotic factors include water, light, temperature, atmosphere, and soil. Ecosystems have different types and amounts of abiotic factors. The types and amounts of these factors in an ecosystem help determine which organisms can live there. Building Vocabulary Read all the headings in this section and circle any word that you cannot define. Then underline the part of the text that helps you define each circled word. 1. Define What is an ecosystem? Reading Essentials Interactions of Living Things 239
2 Choose an ecosystem. Make a two-tab book and use it to describe the abiotic and biotic factors that might be found in that ecosystem. Ecosystem: Abiotic Factors Biotic Factors SCIENCE USE V. COMMON USE atmosphere Science Use the mix of gases surrounding a planet Common Use a surrounding influence or feeling 2. Apply Suppose an ecosystem is made up of 20 elk of the same species and 10 bears of the same species. How many populations does the ecosystem contain? Water All organisms need water to live, but some need more water than others. A cactus grows in a desert, where it does not rain often. Ferns and vines live in rain forests, where it rains often. The limited water in a desert means that ferns and vines could not live successfully there. The type of water in an ecosystem also helps determine which organisms can live there. Some organisms need saltwater environments, such as oceans. Humans and other organisms must have freshwater to survive. Light and Temperature The amount of light an ecosystem receives and the temperature of an ecosystem can also determine which organisms can live there. Many organisms, such as plants, require light energy for making food. Temperatures in ecosystems vary. Ecosystems that receive more sunlight generally have higher temperatures. Some organisms need higher temperatures to survive. A fern, for example, grows in a warm rain forest. Other organisms can survive a wide range of temperatures. For example, a cactus survives in the hot days and cold nights of a desert. Atmosphere Very few organisms can live in an ecosystem without oxygen. Earth s atmosphere contains oxygen gas as well as other gases that organisms need. Some of these gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Soil Different ecosystems have soil that contains different amounts and types of nutrients, minerals, and rocks. The texture and amount of water soil can hold also varies. Soil is deeper in some ecosystems than in others. All of these factors determine which organisms can live in an ecosystem. Biotic Factors You read that nonliving, or abiotic, parts of an ecosystem are important to living things. Biotic factors are all of the living or once-living things in an ecosystem. A parrot and a fallen tree are both biotic factors in a rain-forest ecosystem. Populations A population is made up of all the members of one species that live in an area. For example, all the gray squirrels in a neighborhood are a population. Organisms in a population interact and compete for food, shelter, and mates. 240 Interactions of Living Things Reading Essentials
3 Communities Most ecosystems have many populations. These populations form a community, as shown below. A community is all the populations living in an ecosystem at the same time. For example, populations of trees, worms, insects, and toads are part of a forest community. Populations interact with each other in some way. Trees lose their leaves in the fall and the leaves become food for worms and insects. Toads might use the leaves as they hide from predators. Waste from these animals provides nutrients to the trees and insects. Biomes The populations and communities that interact in a desert are different from those that interact in an ocean. Deserts and oceans are different biomes. A biome is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features. Biomes contain ecosystems, populations, and communities. Biomes also have specific biotic and abiotic factors. As a result, biomes can be very different from each other. 3. Define What is a biome? organism population community ecosystem Visual Check 4. Identify The figure shows two different populations in the community. Circle the members of one population in one color. Circle the members of the other population in another color. Reading Essentials Interactions of Living Things 241
4 Visual Check 5. Name What are the major aquatic biomes in Earth s biosphere? Earth s Biosphere Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Biomes forests salt water deserts freshwater tundra grasslands 6. Apply Which biotic and abiotic factors changed after Mount St. Helens erupted? The part of Earth that supports life is the biosphere. As shown above, both terrestrial and aquatic biomes are part of the biosphere. Terrestrial means related to land, and aquatic means related to water. Terrestrial biomes include forests, deserts, tundra, and grasslands. Aquatic biomes include saltwater areas and freshwater areas. Biomes can affect each other. For example, a beach ecosystem is part of both a terrestrial and an aquatic biome. Some organisms from the terrestrial biome interact with organisms in the beach ecosystem. What happens when environments change? Natural processes and human actions cause environments to change. Some changes can occur quickly. For example, the erupting volcano at Mount St. Helens changed the ecosystem suddenly. Other changes, ranging from small to large, occur slowly. It took millions of years for the flow of a river to carve the Grand Canyon in Arizona. Response to Change Changes can have positive effects on an ecosystem. For example, when more rain than usual falls, more plants might grow. Changes can also have negative effects on an ecosystem. A very dry season could cause plants to die. Animals might starve. Usually a change in an ecosystem has both positive and negative effects. Succession Over long periods of time, communities can change through succession until they are very different. Succession is the gradual change from one community to another community in an area. The sudden volcanic eruption at Mount St. Helen s created a large crater in the mountain and destroyed plant and animal life. Its ecosystem changed suddenly. Over many years, plant life reappeared and animals moved back into the area. The area looks very different today than it did immediately after the eruption in Interactions of Living Things Reading Essentials
5 Mini Glossary abiotic factors: the nonliving parts of an ecosystem biome: a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features biotic factors: all of the living or once-living things in an ecosystem ecosystem: all the living and nonliving things in one place population: all the members of one species that live in an area succession: the gradual change from one community to another community in an area community: the populations living in an ecosystem at one time 1. Review the terms and their definitions in the Mini Glossary. Write a sentence that explains the difference between a population and a community. 2. Write each example below in the correct part of the diagram. woodpecker oak tree rocks sunlight dead grasshopper freshwater in a pond Forest Ecosystem Biotic factors 3. How did finding the meanings of words help you learn about the biotic factors that make up an ecosystem? What do you think Reread the statements at the beginning of the lesson. Fill in the After column with an A if you agree with the statement or a D if you disagree. Did you change your mind? Abiotic factors ConnectED Log on to ConnectED.mcgraw-hill.com and access your textbook to find this lesson s resources. END OF LESSON Reading Essentials Interactions of Living Things 243
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