Blood Function. Hematopoietic System 3/11/2009. Introduction to the Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems. Chapter 36

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1 Introduction to the Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems Chapter 36 Blood Function Transports Oxygen and carbon dioxide Nutrients Hormones Waste products Maintains Acid base balance Fluid and electrolyte balance Homeostasis Hematopoietic System Hematopoiesis: the manufacture and development of blood cells Hematopoietic System Bone Marrow Lymphatic System Red Marrow Yellow Marrow Thymus Gland Spleen 1

2 Anatomy and Physiology Myeloid stem cells Erythrocytes (RBCs) Leukocytes (WBCs) Platelets Lymphoid stem cells Lymphocytes: WBCs with immune functions Red Bone Marrow Erythrocytes (RBCs) Major function: tissue oxygenation transport O 2 & remove CO 2 Erythropoiesis: Production of erythrocytes Erythropoietin: Regulates the rate of production Erythrocytes (RBCs) Hemoglobin Iron containing pigment Binds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin Carries oxygen to the cells of the body Normal amount: 12 to 17.4 g/dl Removed by spleen and liver 2

3 Leukocytes (WBCs) Protective function Fight infection Make antibodies Normal count: 5,000 to 10,000/mm 3 Leukocytosis: WBCs Leukopenia: WBCs Leukocytes (WBCs) Granulocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Leukocytes (WBCs) Agranulocytes Lymphocytes B lymphocytes (B cells): humoral immunity T lymphocytes (T cells): cellular immunity Monocytes (macrophages) Phagocytize large sized debris Help combat severe infections Contribute to immune response 3

4 Platelets (Thrombocytes) Aid in clotting Shape: disk-like, non-nucleated Life span: 7.5 days Normal range: 150, ,000 Plasma Liquid/serum portion of blood 90% water, 10% proteins Contains and transports Blood cells Plasma Proteins Albumin Globulins Clotting factors Blood Groups Types: A, B, AB, and O Rh positive or negative Universal donor: O Universal recipient: AB Compatibility 4

5 Blood Groups Blood Transfusion Complications Incompatibility Febrile BP, HR, difficulty breathing, back pain, flushing Fever, shaking, chills, HA, HR, muscle ache Stop blood, infuse saline, O2 Stop blood, start saline, VS Septic Fever, chills, BP Stop blood, start saline Blood Transfusion Complications Allergic Moderate chilling Rash, itching, flushing, stable VS No fever or other symptoms Slow rate of infusion, assess pt, antihistamine Continue infusion Circulatory overload BP, difficulty breathing, moist breath sounds, bounding pulse Reduce rate of infusion, elevate head, give O2 5

6 Blood Transfusion Complications Hypocalcemia Tingling of fingers, BP, muscle cramps, convusions Stop blood, start saline, calcium chloride HIV/hepatitis B virus transmission Opportunistic infection, antibody titers, abnormal blood cell counts or liver enzymes Encourage autologous blood collection if possible Lymphatic System Lymphatic System Thymus Gland Undifferentiated stem cells released from bone marrow Stem cells develop into T lymphocytes upon migration Spleen Largest lymphatic structure Reservoir of blood Contains phagocytes 6

7 Lymphatic System Lymph Nodes Glandular tissue Clustered in the axilla, groin, neck, and large vessels of the thorax and abdomen Contain both T and B lymphocytes Lymph Fluid; similar to plasma in composition Contraction of skeletal muscles Lymph ducts: Afferent; efferent Macrophages attack and engulf foreign substances Assessment Past health history Family history Social history Medications Surgical history Dietary history; foreign travel Exposure to industrial or environmental toxins 7

8 Assessment Vital signs Skin Lymph nodes Bleeding Fatigue Chills; infections Pain Neurologic changes Assessment Diagnostic Tests Lab tests: CBC; coagulation tests Bone marrow aspiration: Blood cell formation Schilling test: Anemias Lymph node biopsy; radiography Ultrasound; CT; bone scan; MRI 8

9 Assessment Schilling test: Used to diagnose and classify Pernicious anemia Macrocytic anemia Malabsorption syndromes 9

37 2 Blood and the Lymphatic System Slide 1 of 34

37 2 Blood and the Lymphatic System Slide 1 of 34 1 of 34 Blood is a connective tissue that contains both dissolved substances and specialized cells. 2 of 34 The functions of blood include: collecting oxygen from the lungs, nutrients from the digestive