SHORT RESPONSE. Chapter 1 (p.23-36)

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1 SHORT RESPONSE Chapter 1 (p.23-36)

2 Answer the following questions in at 3-4 sentences. You will have 4 minutes. How did Europe s desire for an ocean route to Asia shape its contacts with Africa?

3 Answer Most importantly, the desire for an ocean route to Asia created relation between Europe and the coastal civilizations of West Africa. As Europeans sought a route to Asia, they discovered coastal towns and islands along the African coast where they had established laboratories to investigate the potential of African soils. Rather than piercing the continent s interior, Europeans traded with the peoples along the coast.

4 EXPLORATION & CONQUEST Wednesday, August 17, 2016

5 PORTUGUESE EXPANSION Prince Henry s efforts: n 1420, Prince Henry of Portugal founded a center for sea navigation in the south of Portugal From there, he hoped his explorers would find a way around North Africa to the south and east Explorers from Henry s center designed new, better-handling vessels (caravels) and claimed the Madeira and Azore islands for Portugal. In 1435, they sailed to Sierra Leone and exchanged salt, wine, and fish for African ivory and gold.

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7 PORTUGUESE EXPANSION Italian explorers: Genoese traders cooperated with Portuguese and Castilians and discovered the Canary and Cape Verde Islands to which they exported Mediterranean agriculture and familiar cash crops. The sugar islands: Europeans conquered the Canaries, the Cape Verde Islands, and São Tomé and enslaved the local populations Planters transformed local ecosystems to agricultural colonies where they produced wheat, wine grapes, and, where the climate permitted, sugar.

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9 AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE Slavery in Africa: Slavery was widespread in Africa, and slaves, used as agricultural laborers, concubines, or military recruits, were a key commodity of exchange; slaves were central to the trans-saharan trade. Between A.D. 700 and 1900, an estimated nine million Africans were sold in the trans-saharan slave trade.

10 AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE Europeans entry into the slave trade: In 1482, Portuguese merchants exploited and redirected the existing African slave trade. First, they enslaved Africans to work on sugar plantations; they also sold slaves in Lisbon, which soon had an African population of 9,000. After 1550, the Atlantic slave trade expanded enormously as Europeans established sugar plantations in Brazil and the West Indies.

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12 SIXTEENTH CENTURY INCURSIONS Columbus and the Caribbean: Castilian monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella subsidized Christopher Columbus s (supported by Genoa investors) exploration of the west. In August 1492, three ships traveled 3,000 miles to present-day Bahamas, which Columbus believed was part of Asia; he called the region the West Indies and the people Indians. Columbus returned to report to the Spanish monarchs that, while he had found no gold, he had heard stories of gold on other islands Three more trips to the New World saw Columbus colonize the so-named West Indies for Spain, but no golden fortune for the king and queen. German geographer labeled the continents America after Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who had argued that this region was not part of Asia but a nuevo mundo, or a new world.

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14 SIXTEENTH CENTURY INCURSIONS The Spanish Invasion: Spanish explorers probed the mainland for gold and slaves. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León and Vasco Núñez de Balboa reported on explorations and encouraged veterans of the reconquista to invade the mainland Hernán Cortés and his army (aided by European diseases) conquer the Aztec Empire and the Mayan city-states of the Yucatan Peninsula Francisco Pizarro and his small army conquered the already weakened Inca Empire, making Spain the master of the New World.

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17 SIXTEENTH CENTURY INCURSIONS Cabral and Brazil: In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral and his fleet discovered Brazil By the 1530s, Portuguese settlers began to create sugar plantations worked by Native Americans, but African slaves gradually replaced them. Brazil became the first American example of the plantation system.

18 SHORT ANSWER Why was long-distance trade in exotic goods such an important phenomenon in North America, Europe, and Asia?

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