Solar Cooling Technologies & Applications

Transcription

1 Solar Cooling Technologies & Applications Christodoulaki Rosie PhD cand. Mech. Eng. MSc Environmental design & engineering BSc Physics Solar Cooling Technologies 1. Closed Cycle i. Absorption Chillers ii. Adsorption Chillers 2. Open Cycle i. Solid Desiccant Evaporative Cooling ii. Liquid Desiccant Evaporative Cooling chilled water heat Thermal driven cooling process conditioned air Source : Fraunhofer ISE, Solarnext 1

2 Closed Cycle Systems ~18 C -Absorption/Adsorption - Refrigerant medium: Water - Production of chilled water - Possible use of existing fan coils, chilled ceilings, underfloor heating. Driving temperature > 60 C Supply air system Chilled ceiling Fresh air Absorption / Adsorption Chiller (thermally driven) C (< 12 C) 6-9 C Chilled water - temperature Fan coil Conditioned area Source : Fraunhofer ISE Single effect absorption process pressure heat rejection (cooling tower) condenser vapour generator driving heat (e.g. solar collector) throttle solution pump evaporator vapour absorber solution heat exchanger useful cold heat rejection (cooling tower) temperature 2

3 Open Cycle Systems Driving temperature > 50 C - Liquid/Solid DEC - Refrigerant medium: Water - Production of conditioned air - Possible use of existing fan coils. Return air Supply air Desiccant Evaporative Cooling (DEC) Conditioned area Source : Fraunhofer ISE Thermodynamic Processes driving heat high temperature, T H solar collector heat rejection intermediate temperature, T M environment, e.g. cooling tower air-conditioning system useful cooling low temperature, T C Coefficient of Performance (COP thermal = ) useful cooling driving heat Source : Fraunhofer ISE 3

4 Solar Cooling Systems Overview Source : EU Altener Project Climasol Efficiency Operational temperature, 2007 Open systems Liquid DEC: Τ =60C, COP = 0.7 Solid DEC: T = 80C, COP = 0.5 Closed systems Absorption: Τ = 75C, COP = 0.7 Adsorption: T = 55C, COP = 0.5 Initial cost Collector area needed, Open systems Liquid DEC: 4500 /kw, 5 m 2 /kw Solid DEC: 3500 /kw, 0.5 m 2 /kw Closed systems Absorption: 2000 /kw, 4 m 2 /kw Adsorption: 5500 /kw, 2.5 m 2 /kw Source : CA Balaras, G Grossman, HM Henning, Solar Air-Conditioning in Europe - an overview, Renewable Energy & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11, 2007,

5 Solar Cooling Systems installed in Europe - Absorption: 58% - Solid DEC: 23% - Adsorption: 12% - Liquid DEC: 4% desiccant, liquid desiccant, rotor 0.6% 1.5% 4.4% 8.7% 14.1% 23.5% collector area cooling capacity number of systems adsorption 11.8% 26.3% 32.7% absorption 57.8% 57.9% 58.8% 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% Source : HM Henning, Solar Assisted air conditioning of buildings an overview, Applied Thermal Engineering, 27, 2007, Solar Cooling Applications 5

6 PENA, CRES technological park, Athens, El PENA, Lavrio Solar cooling Solid DEC system Demo & research application for CRES In operation since Air conditioned area Collector type Collector fluid Operation temperature Nominal air flow rate Min. air volume flow rate Desiccant cooling system Brand of desiccant unit m² 10 m 2, Calpak flat-plate water-glycol 60 C 1100 m 3 /h 373 m 3 /h solid LiCl Klingenburg Sarantis, Cosmetics industry, Inofita Viotias, El Operation One of the largest installations in the world -2,700 m 2 flat plate collectors (SOLE) - 2 adsorption cooling machines, 350 kw cooling each - 3 compression cooling machines, 350 kw Cost Solar Solarkollektoren collectors 28% Regelung, control Monitoring Monitoring 5% 5% Sub-structure for Unterbau collectors für Others sonstiges Kollektoren 5% 6% 5% Installationskosten Installation Costs 20% 20% Adsorptionskältemaschinen Adsorption cooling 20% machine 20% Rückkühlwerke Cooling tower 6% 6% Öl befeuerte Oil-driven Kessel als boiler Back-Up as back-up 10% 10% 6

7 GICB wine cellar Banyuls/mer, Fr -130 m² evacuated tube collectors -52kW cooling - Investment cost: 1,6 MF (1991) Source : TECSOL DIREN Guadeloupe, Fr - Chilled surface: 570 m² -61m²evacuated tube collectors - 35 kwcooling - Absorption chiller Source : TECSOL 7

8 Collectors 57% Technical room 4%. HT Solar collectors Technical room Cold production Condensation Electricity Monitoring Startup 610 Total HT: HT / kwf Collectors ( / m²) Cold production 20% Startup 0% Monitoring 5% Electricity 8% Source : TECSOL Condensation 6% 8

9 Cosmetic laboratory, Sophia Antipolis, Fr m² evacuated tube collectors kw cooling - Investment cost: 2500 / kwf Academic Hospital of Freiburg, De - Adsorption cooling: 70 kwcooling - Evacuated tube collectors direct flow: initially 90 m 2, then increased at 170 m 2 (2001) - Air flow: 8000 m 3 /h 9

10 Thank you for your attention! Centre for Renewable Energy Sources Solar Thermal Department 19klm. Marathonos av., 19009, Pikermi tel , fax Rosa Christodoulaki 10