1. Space Exploration. C. Human Spaceflight. D. Why humans in space

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1 1. Space Exploration A. A Brief History of Exploration B. Aviation, Rocketry and Spaceflight C. Human Spaceflight D. Why humans in space

2 The Human System Living and Working in Space Lecture 2: Introduction - why human space flight - history - past spacecraft design and operation

3 The Human System The environment -Orbit -Moon s surface -Mars surface -The Solar System Mission Operations Mars Spacecraft Space System Integration Sub-Systems & Hardware Design Earth The mission - trajectory - velocity - duration Mars The human -an element of the system -physiology -human factors -psychology -the human as operator Habitats Moon

4 The Human System : Living and Working in Space TOPICS COVERED 1. Introduction 2. Space Environments 3. Space Missions 4. Spacecraft Systems 5. Systems Operation, Monitoring and Maintenance 6. In-Flight Crew Activities 7. Flight-Crew Environment 8. Human Factors of Crewed Spaceflight 9. Crew Accommodations, Provisions and Equipment 10. Space Robotics 11. Designing and Sizing Space Elements

5 Historical Origins Behind the Design of Human Space Systems Our focus is on characteristics of all spacecraft flown successfully to date from the standpoint of human interface and interaction: - habitat - crew station - cockpit - controls and displays - crew compartment - man-systems - human-systems - crew equipment An assessment of lessons learned and how they can be used in developing the next generation of space craft.

6 Technologically, human spacecraft evolved from 2 lines: - Experimental aircraft - Rockets and missiles In the US, manned spacecraft crew interface characteristics evolved almost entirely from aircraft By the time of the first spacecraft being launched, manned space flight in high performance rocket aircraft was already feasible and would take place within only a couple years Control conditions over a wide range of dynamic conditions Integration of humans - a control element - the human as a system dependent on interfaces to other systems - the human as the mission manager

8 Current and Past Spacecraft Soyuz Voskhod Salyut Mir International Space Station Vostok Shuttle Apollo Skylab Gemini

10 Rover Current and Future Spacecraft Mars Lander Planetary Transit Shuttle International Space Station Orion Moon Base Outpost Altair

11 Human Space Experience-2008 First rocket powered aircraft First human liquid rocket flight First vertical launch rocket flight First flight by man into space First flight, more than 1 day in space First winged rocket flight into space First space flight by woman into space First space flight, more than 1 person First extravehicular activity First orbital changes First flight, more than a week First rendezvous First docking of two spacecraft First aborted mission, unplanned landing First death during a space flight First flight out of earth orbit Fastest spacecraft First lunar landing Highest altitude ever reached First space station First rover on the moon Number of space stations First reusable space vehicle First winged landing vehicle First vehicle assembled in orbit Heaviest vehicle in orbit Number of person-years in orbit Number of people who have flown in orbit 478 Most number of people in orbit together at one time Cumulative space flight record Single mission record Total space walk time Total time on moon Total moon walk time Record number of EVAs Opel/Lippisch Ente Heinkel 176, Erich Warsitz Bachem Ba 349A Natter, Lothar Seiber Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin Vostok 2, Gherman Titov, 25 hours X-15, Robert White Vostok 6, Valentina Tereshkova Voskhod 1, Komarov, Feoktistov, Egorov Voskhod 2, Alexei Leonov Gemini 3, Grissom, Young Gemini 5, Cooper, Conrad Gemini 6/7, Schirra, Stafford Gemini 8/Agena, Armstrong, Scott Gemini 8/Agena, Armstrong, Scott Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov Apollo 8, Borman, Lovell, Anders Apollo 10, Stafford, Cernan, Young, m/s Apollo 11, Armstrong, Aldrin, Collins Apollo 13, Lovell, Swigert, Haise Salyut 1/Soyuz 11, Dobrovolski, Patsaev, Volkov Apollo 15, Scott, Worden, Irwin 8: Salyut 1,3,4,5,7; Skylab 1; Mir; ISS Gemini 2-MOL/Gemini B, Space Shuttle Space Shuttle Columbia/STS-1 Salyut 6/Soyuz/Progress/Cosmos 1267 International Space Station, lb 88 person-years 10 Sergei Krikalov, 803 days/ 6 flights Valeriy Polyakov, 437 days 128 person-days 12.4 days (6 moon landings) 162 person-hours Anatoliy Solovyov, 77+ hrs, 16 EVAs June 11, 1928 June 20, 1939 March 1, 1945 April 12, 1961 August 6, 1961 July 17, 1962 June 16, 1963 October 12, 1964 March 18, 1965 March 23, 1965 August 21, 1965 December 15, 1965 March 16, 1966 March 17, 1966 April 24, 1967 December 21, 1968 May 26, 1969 July 20, 1969 April 14, 1970 October 11, 1971 July 26, /1966, 1981 April 12, 1981 Sep Jun 1981 October 2008

12 Human vs. Machine Superiority of Man and Machine in Various Activities Man Flexibility Multipurpose adjustment Multipurpose response Redundancy Multipurpose sensitivity Communications Learning Judgement Inductive reasoning Understanding of essentials Establishment of hypotheses Taking risks Problem solving Pattern interpretation Decision making Ingenuity and intuition Invention of new things Utilization of subjective experiences Utilization of external means Design and construction of machines and equipment Integration of internal and external stimuli Concluding Machine Handbook of Astronautical Engineering, 1961 Physical strength and power Speed of sensing Speed of recognition Speed of certain performance Bandwidth Speed of computation Consistency of performance Repetitive performance Reliability Endurance Stability of memory Short term storage capacity Complete erase capability Conformity Reaction time Sensitivity to certain environmental conditions Insensitivity to certain environmental conditions Simultaneous activity

13 Physical Issues for Human Spaceflight Physiology and psychology Life support - Breathing and pressurization - Nutrition and hydration - Rest and work cycles - Waste disposal - Thermal environment - Acoustic noise level Acceleration level during launch and re-entry Angular rate and orientation Health and medical emergency Radiation hazard Emergency procedures and protection

14 Performance Issues for Human Spaceflight Flexibility, learning, and judgment Information bandwidth, display, and communication Pre-flight training Performance variation G-levels on different worlds Extra-vehicular activity Physical labor Physical labor Endurance Ergonomics Control systems Re-entry systems and recovery Tools and equipment Recycling

15 The Human System : Living and Working in Space TOPICS COVERED 1. Introduction - why human space flight - history - past spacecraft design and operation 2. Space Environments 3. Space Missions 4. Spacecraft Systems 5. Systems Operation, Monitoring and Maintenance 6. In-Flight Crew Activities 7. Flight-Crew Environment 8. Human Factors of Crewed Spaceflight 9. Crew Accommodations, Provisions and Equipment 10. Space Robotics 11. Designing and Sizing Space Elements

Space Exploration. A Visual History. Philip Stooke

Space Exploration. A Visual History. Philip Stooke Space Exploration A Visual History Philip Stooke It all began with Sputnik 4 th October 1957 It all began with Sputnik 4 th October 1957 It all began with Sputnik 4 th October 1957 and Laika Laika on the