IS ELITE ATHLETES BACK PAIN & INJURY SPORT TYPE SPECIFIC?

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1, Mayer F. 1, Wippert P.M. 2 1 Department of Sport Medicine & Sport Orthopaedics, University

1 IX INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SPORTS MEDICINE CONFERENCE 20th-23th August 2015 Tartu, Estonia and its Wang V.C. 1, Appiah -Dwomoh E. 1, Silis M. 1, Mayer F. 1, Wippert P.M. 2 1 Department of Sport Medicine & Sport Orthopaedics, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 2 Department of Sociology of Physical Activity & Health, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany CLINICA L EXERCISE S C I E N C E

2 INTRODUCTION The prevalence of back pain is increasing in athletes, particularly in elite level. (Lawrence, Greene & Grauer, 2006) lack of evidence which type of sport activities, training or demographic factors are related. New evaluation tool Risk-IQ available.(wang, Mayer, Ottawa & Wippert, 2015) RESEARCH QUESTION #1: Is elite athletes back pain & injury sport type specifically related? RESEARCH QUESTION #2: Does back pain & injury of athlete related to experience, age and gender? RESEARCH QUESTION #3: Which sport types are higher and which are lower of back pain risks? METHODS/Subject 66 German (DE) (f/m: 32/34; 26.0±7.6years) and 269 Taiwanese (TW) (f/m: 121/148 age=23.2±6.9years) Elite athletes recruited from national sport training centres, federations and universities. Inclusion criteria: current/retired national team athlete, trained for international competitions of Olympic sports. Two adapted sport categories (1. Format, 2. Location/Locomotion) were introduced for sport type categorization. Mann-Whitney U test (2 groups), Kruskal-Wallis test (k groups) and Spearman correlation. (p<0.05)

3 Individual - No Contact Team - No Contact Sport T ype_adapted1 Team - Contact Individual - Combat Team - Combat Total Sport Type_ adapted2 Individual - No Contact Team - No Contact Sport T ype_adapted1 Team - Contact Individual - Combat Team - Combat Total Sport Type_ adapted2 Archery (9.0%) Equastrain 1 1 (0.3%) Golf 2 2 (0.6%) Shooting 5 5 (1.5%) Type Ia (on Land w/o Locomo) 61 (18.3%) Diving 1 1 (0.3%) Swimming 3 3 (0.9%) Canoe/Kayak Sprint (5.7%) Rowing 7 7 (2.1%) Type II (on W ater) 33 (9.9%) W eightlifting (6.9%) Sailing/W indsurfing (0.9%) Badminton 1 1 (0.3%) Baseball&Softball (4.2%) Basketball 1 1 (0.3%) Boxing (5.1%) Cycling(Road/Chase/MBk) (3.0%) Fencing 8 8 (2.4%) Football 6 6 (1.8%) Hockey 9 9 (2.7%) Handball (3.9%) Modern Pentathlon (3.0%) Rugby (4.2%) Table Tennis (3.3%) Taekwondo (9.0%) Type Ib (on Land w/ Locomo) 207 (63.1%) Skiing (Alpine+Nordic) 8 8 (2.4%) Biathlon 1 1 (0.3%) Ski Jump 1 1 (0.3%) Snowboard 4 4 (1.2%) Bob Sleigh (1.8%) Skating -Figure (2.1%) Skating - Speed 6 6 (1.8%) Ice Hockey 1 1 (0.3%) Type III (on Snow) 14 (4.2%) Type IV (on Ice) 20 (6.0%) Total 147 (44%) 50 (15%) 44 (13%) 80 (24%) 14 (4%) 335 (100%) 335(100%) Track&Field-Marathon 3 3 (0.9%) Track&Firld-PoleVault 1 1 (0.3%) Track&Field-Sprt&Jmp 6 6 (1.8%) Track&Field-Throwing 4 4 (1.2%) Tennis(Hard/Soft) (7.2%) Volleyball (3.0%) W restling (4.5%) Total 147 (44%) 50 (15%) 44 (13%) 80 (24%) 14 (4%) 335 (100%) 335(100%)

RESULT Research Question #1 (Is elite athletes back pain & injury sport type specifically related?) Sport Format categorization: Team-Combat (3.36±4.1, n=14) >> Team- No Contact (1.65±3.

4 RESULT Research Question #1 (Is elite athletes back pain & injury sport type specifically related?) Sport Format categorization: Team-Combat (3.36±4.1, n=14) >> Team- No Contact (1.65±3.2, n=51) (p< 0.05) (Pairwise comparisons) Team-Combat >> Individual- No Contact (p< 0.01) Team-Combat >> Individual- Combat (p< 0.01) Team-Combat >> Team Contact (p< 0.01) Team-Contact >> Individual- No Contact (p< 0.05

01) (Pairwise comparisons) On-Ice >> On-Land with Locomotion (p< 0.01) On-Ice >> On-Land w/o Locomotion (p< 0.

5 RESULT Research Question #1 (Is elite athletes back pain & injury sport type specifically related?) Sport Location categorization: On-Ice (5.40±7.6, n=20) >> On-Water (1.00±1.8, n=33). (p< 0.01) (Pairwise comparisons) On-Ice >> On-Land with Locomotion (p< 0.01) On-Ice >> On-Land w/o Locomotion (p< 0.01) On-Snow >> On-Land with Locomotion (p< 0.01) On-Snow >> On-Land w/o Locomotion (p< 0.01) On-Snow >> On-Water (p< 0.01) On Land with Locomotion >> On-Water (p< 0.05)

6 RESULT Research Question #2 (Does back pain & injury of athlete related to experience, age and gender?) Back pain/injury showed NO SIGNIFICANT difference on Gender Back pain/injury showed SIGNIFICANT difference on Age (in 5-year groups) (p<0.05) As age, back pain pain/injury (Spearman Cronbach : α=.26, p<.01) Experience Levels (international sport participation) (p<0.05) Participation of international sport competition (Spearman Cronbach : α =.22, p<.01)., back pain/injury

7 RESULT Research Question #3 (Which sport types are higher and which are lower of back pain risks?) Top-5 sports with higher back pain rates in this study: Wrestling, Rugby, Bob Sleigh and (Ice Hockey, Pole Vault). Bottom-5 sports with lower back pain rates in this study: Swimming, Sailing, Marathon, Shooting, and Equestrian.

8 CONCLUSION RQ1: Elite athlete s back pain & injury are Sport Type Specific. Combat Sport in Team Formation portrayed highest risk relatively to non-contact sports. Sports performed On Ice reported highest risk. Sports On Water lowest risk of back pain & injury. RQ2: The greater the Age and Experience Levels, the greater the mean back pain & injury incident rates. RQ3: Top-5 sport with higher back pain rates in this study were: Wrestling, Rugby, Bob Sleigh, Ice Hockey, Pole Vault. Bottom-5 sports with lower back pain rates in this study were: Swimming, Sailing, Marathon, Shooting, Equestrian REFERENCE Lawrence JP, Greene HS, Grauer JN. Back pain in athletes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg December 2006, 4(13) Wang, V., Mayer, F., Ottawa, F., & Wippert, P. Translation reliability and test-retest reliability for elite athlete injury risk factor questionnaire (Risk-IQ) J Sport & Exer Res. 2015, 17(2)

9 IX INTERNATIONAL BALTIC SPORTS MEDICINE CONFERENCE 20th-23th August 2015 Tartu, Estonia n the Risk-IQ survey for elite athletes Thank You For Your Attention University Potsdam CLINICA L EXERCISE S C I E N C E VW 1

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