TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS

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1 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS Presented by Monica Cultrera VP Software Development Bitek International Inc 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE

2 Agenda 1. Defining VoIP What is VoIP? How to establish a VoIP call 2. VoIP Protocols H.323 SIP SKYPE 3. Impact of VoIP on Networks Bandwidth consumption Bandwidth used by voice 4. Network Management of VoIP Attempted Solutions adopted against VoIP and VPN 5. Questions and Answers Private and Confidential 2

3 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 1. Defining VoIP 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE

4 Defining VoIP What is VoIP? VoIP = Voice over Internet Protocol, is the routing of a voice conversation over the Internet or through an IP-based network PSTN VoIP Traffic PSTN Cell Cell Cell Via WiFi Wireless Hot Spot IP network 1 IP network 2 Wireless Hot Spot Lap Top Via WiFi PDA Via WiFi Private and Confidential 4

5 Defining VoIP Attributes of VoIP PRO s CON s Location independent Cheap or free calls Free phone number in different areas Additional features Integration of additional services available on the Internet No Emergency calls QoS not guaranteed Reliability Inconsistent User Experience Multiple Protocols Private and Confidential 5

6 Defining VoIP What are the issues relating to VoIP? Providing consistent Quality of Service - QoS Routing traffic through firewalls and NAT Some VoIP protocols like Skype use proprietary protocols Some VoIP protocols use STUN through NATs and ICE STUN: UDP: NAT: ICE: Simple Traversal of UDP through NAT User Datagram Protocol Network Address Translation Interactive Connectivity Establishment Private and Confidential 6

7 Defining VoIP Peer-to-Peer VoIP Calls The call is a the shortest route or a direct connection between two users 1 - A calls B Client A 3 - VoIP Session Established Client B 2 - B accepts call Private and Confidential 7

8 Defining VoIP VoIP Calls via Proxy The call is established using a Proxy Server All Clients are registered in the Proxy Server 1 - A sends a CALL REQUEST to B to the Proxy 2 - Proxy sends B s info to A Proxy Server Proxy Maintains Connection Proxy Maintains Connection 2 - Proxy sends A s info to B Client C Client A 3 - Call between A & B Client B Private and Confidential 8

9 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 2. VoIP Protocols 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS

10 VoIP Protocol - Sequences What is required to establish a VoIP call? VoIP uses different Protocols to route packets, implement the call and create a conversation over the Internet: 1. Signalling Protocol: Creates the session. e.g. SIP and Q931 (for H323) 2. Session Description Protocol: Establishes the available media and typically negotiates the codec to be used. e.g. SDP used commonly by SIP or H245 used by H Voice Transport Protocol: For real-time voice transport (RTP) used with RTCP (Real-time Transport Control Protocol) for quality, synchronisation and identity management Softphones must use protocols to establish a VoIP Session Private and Confidential 10

11 VoIP Protocols What are the most common protocols? The two most used VoIP standard protocols are H323 and SIP H.323 was the first to be developed SIP has surpassed H.323 for better traversal NAT and firewalls 85% of the Softphones use SIP (Messenger, Vonage,etc.) Proprietary protocols are created by new softphone companies SKYPE is the most successful example Private and Confidential 11

12 VoIP Protocols H.323 s Background In 1986 ITU ratified first version of protocol H323 H323 defines how Voice, Data and Video are carried using IP H323 pioneered the linking of different endpoints H323 coordinates the supporting protocols to establish the session: RAS to manage registration, admission, status Q.931 to manage call set up and termination H.245 to negotiate channel usage and capabilities Private and Confidential 12

13 VoIP Protocols H.323 Set Up of a H.323 call Gatekeeper Admission Request Client A Admission Confirm Setup Call Proceeding Admission Request Client B Admission Confirm Alert Connecting Terminal Capability Set Open Logical Channel RAS H225 H245 Voice Media (Voice) Private and Confidential 13

14 VoIP Protocols H.323 Termination of a H.323 call Media (Voice) Client A End Session Command Close Logical Channel End Session Command Close Logical Channel Client B Release Complete Disengage Request Disengage Confirm Disengage Request Disengage Confirm RAS H225 H245 Voice Gatekeeper Private and Confidential 14

15 VoIP Protocols - SIP SIP s Background Originally defined by IETF with the RFC3261, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control protocol that can establish, modify and terminate multimedia sessions (conferences) such as Internet telephony calls SIP works independently of underlying transport protocols and without dependency on the type of session that is being established The protocol commonly used for describing Media is SDP IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force SDP: Session Description Protocol Private and Confidential 15

16 Protocols - SIP Set up and termination of SIP call Alice 1. Invite Trying Ringing OK Proxy wonderland.com 2. Invite Trying Ringing OK Proxy whiterabbit.com 4. Invite Ringing OK Peter 12. ACK Media Session 13. BYE OK Private and Confidential 16

17 VoIP Protocols What are the differences between SIP and H.323? Architecture: - H323 Softphones cover the services within the confines of the protocol + SIP allows variants and service development for Softphones adaptation Message Encoding = H323 is binary encoded therefore efficient for network = SIP is text based so human-readable but bulky for the network PSTN Internetworking + H323 structure is inherited by PSTN protocols (e.g. Q.931) - SIP has no commonality with PSTN Private and Confidential 17

18 VoIP Protocols - Skype Skype Skype is an encrypted P2P service using proprietary protocol P2P Internet Telephony network created by Niklas Zennstrom and Jan Friis (founders of KaZaa) Skype is rapidly challenging the SIP & H323 standard based softphones Private and Confidential 18

19 VoIP Protocols - Skype Skype Architecture SN SuperNode Active connection SN SN Backup connection SN connection SN SN Skype Client SN Skype Client Private and Confidential 19

20 VoIP Protocols - Skype How does Skype work? Skype connects by using a randomly generated TCP port or UDP port, if this one is blocked, it will find another Skype mimics protocols of secure authentication, making its identification almost impossible Skype is always ON and consequently always active with its SuperNodes Skype uses bandwidth regardless of call status SuperNodes use the most bandwidth Private and Confidential 20

21 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 3. Impact of VoIP on Networks 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE BANDWIDTH CONSUMPTION

22 Impact of VoIP on Networks Summary In this section Impact of VoIP on Networks : Bandwidth consumption Bandwidth used by voice Codec IP & Transmission headers Packet and frame Private and Confidential 22

23 Impact of VoIP on Networks Bandwidth consumption VoIP is "new" traffic, adding load to the network that was initially not planned for Resource Management is required to differentiate the user groups of VoIP QoS monitoring is required to ensure SLA to actual customers Unauthorised VoIP adds load and latency to network Private and Confidential 23

24 Impact of VoIP on Networks How Bandwidth is Increased by Voice Packets The amount of bandwidth required for carrying voice depends on: 1. Voice determined by Codec: the process of converting analogue voice into a digital format 2. IP & Transmission header: containing data instructions for routing the voice packet Different Codec uses different bandwidth The Codec actually determines how much bandwidth the voice data occupies Private and Confidential 24

25 Impact of VoIP on Networks Codec Codec samples the voice (at a rate of approximately 8000 samples per second) and generates a value for each sample These values create the voice frame To establish the size of a voice frame: Number of bits produced per second Sample period to determine how often transmit G.711 samples every 20ms and produces 64kbps G.729 samples every 10ms and produces 8kbps 20ms = 50 frames per second / 50 = 1280 bit per single frame (160 bytes) 10ms = 100 frames per second 8000 / 100 = 80 bit per single frame (10 bytes) Private and Confidential 25

26 Impact of VoIP on Networks IP & Transmission Headers The voice (carried inside the payload) is wrapped in different layers: IP: contains source and destination host UDP: contains source and destination port RTP: contains info on how to reconstruct the samples in the correct order 40 bytes to be added on top of the payload The IP packet is wrapped in another layer by the physical transmission medium. Ethernet adds an additional 38 Bytes IP UDP RTP Ethernet Preamble & Headers IP headers Voice CRC & Ethernet Gap Private and Confidential 26

27 Impact of VoIP on Networks G.711 sampling every 20ms Ethernet 38 bytes 304 bit 15.2 kbps IP 40 bytes 320 bit 16 kbps Voice 160 bytes 1280 bit 64 kbps Total 238 bytes 1904 bit 95.2 kbps For both streams of the call, the bandwidth consumption is kbps G.729 sampling every 10ms Ethernet 38 bytes 304 bit 30.4 kbps IP 40 bytes 320 bit 32 kbps Voice 10 bytes 80 bit 8 kbps Total 88 bytes 704 bit 70.4 kbps For both streams of the call, the bandwidth consumption is kbps Private and Confidential 27

28 Impact of VoIP on Networks Packet and Frame Many softphones send a single frame per packet Sending more frames per packet reduces packet transmission overhead (better for network) Sending less frames per packet reduces voice latency (better for VoIP Providers) A trade-off between call quality (in the interest of VoIP providers) & latency of the network Shorter samples = smaller the frame, voice quality vs packet header bigger than voice The network is used to carry meaningless packets G.711 the Voice data is 160B per frame on a total of 238B (50 packets per second) G.729 the Voice data is 10B per frame on a total of 88B (100 packets per second) Private and Confidential 28

29 TECHNICAL CHALLENGES OF VoIP BYPASS 4. Network Management of VoIP Attempted Solutions to Bypass VoIP. 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE NETWORK MANAGEMENT OPTIONS

30 False Solutions Port Blocking will not stop Bypass VoIP False Solution: Closing Specific Ports (e.g for SIP and 1720 for H.323) Problems: Must re-route own VoIP Must monitor constantly as Bypass VoIP is redirected manually Softphones randomly change the ports used Grey Operators modify code slightly from the standard to disguise VoIP traffic Private and Confidential 30

31 False Solutions Bandwidth Control will not stop Bypass VoIP False solution Attempts to carry out the following: Prioritising VoIP to lower QoS levels Adding Latency Adding Noise Adding Jitter Problems These solutions just delay the VoIP problem and create issues with own VoIP Voice reconstruction New softphones / Bypass Operators would change the codec used for voice or could move to TCPNODELAY for carrying voice and signalling Private and Confidential 31

32 VoIP Bypass Strategy VPN s Bypass Port Blocking and Bandwidth Control A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a private network established within a public network to communicate confidentially Originally VPN has been designed for companies or organizations that needed to work and transmit information confidentially Now this tool is exploited to cross all network restrictions Even person to person can create a VPN tunnel to an international toll free VoIP call Private and Confidential 32

33 Real Solution Implications of Controlling the VPN Bitek R&D teams have proven that a Technical Solution is Possible to resolve VPN in the same way as Bitek controls Skype and other VoIP, but.. Legal implication - breaching confidentiality potentially invading customer data (everything is encrypted) Public Relations issues admitting to customers that they are being controlled within a secure link Public debate Where does privacy end and security start? THIS IS NOT ONLY A TECHNICAL ISSUE! Private and Confidential 33

34 Technical Conclusion The real solution does not lie within the network VoIP Bypass, Grey Traffic and Softphone Control, Revenue Creation and Protection are BATTLES FOUGHT AND WON ON THE PACKET LEVEL Fortunately, the solution exists! Private and Confidential 34

35 5. Questions and Answers Thank you Members of CANTO Monica Cultrera VP Software Development 23 rd TELELCOMMUNICATION CONFERENCE

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