Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability

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1 Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications Collection 2004 Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability Lacy, Lee W. Paper 04F-SIW-030, Proceedings of the Fall 2004 Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization, Orlando, FL

2 2004 Fall SIW Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability Paper: 04F-SIW-030 Curtis Blais

3 2004 Fall SIW Authors Ø Curtis Blais, NPS MOVES Ø Lee Lacy, Dynamics Research Corporation

4 2004 Fall SIW Outline Ø Military M&S Challenges Ø Semantic Web Ø Ontologies Ø Applications Ø Summary

5 Military M&S Challenges 2004 Fall SIW Ø Interoperability: Capability of a system to automatically provide services to and accept services from other systems to achieve a desired outcome (Draft DoD MSMP) Ø Composability: Capability to select and assemble reusable simulation components in various combinations into software systems to meet user requirements (M. Petty)

6 2004 Fall SIW Interoperability LCIM Level 5: Conceptual LCIM Level 4: Pragmatic/ Dynamic LCIM Level 3: Semantic LCIM Level 2: Syntactic LCIM Level 1: Technical LCIM Level 0: No Connection Common world-view established Information and its use and applicability are exchanged Data in context (information) is exchanged Data exchangeable in standard formats Physical connectivity established No interoperability intended LCIM: Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model; refer to A. Tolk, 04S-SIW-009

7 2004 Fall SIW Composability Ø Succinct functional modules/services Ø Fully described capabilities Ø Defined interfaces key problem is the semantics of the component, not the syntax. Dr. Axel Lehmann, Fall SIW Plenary + = Desired Capability Distributed Components Realized Capability

8 2004 Fall SIW Semantic Web An extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. Berners-Lee, et. al., 2001 Ø Transforming documents to information (data in context) Ø Enabling automated reasoning Ø Equally accessible to human and software agents

9 The Evolving Web 2004 Fall SIW Web of Knowledge Proof, Logic and Ontology Languages Shared terminology Machine-Machine Communication 2010 Resource Description Framework Extensible Markup Language Self-Describing Documents 2000 HTML/HTTP Foundation of the Current Web 1990 Based on Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001(from Hendler presentation)

10 Evolution not Revolution 2004 Fall SIW Ø Semantic web concepts leverage the current web Ø Current web is an excellent foundation to build upon because it is: Interoperable Platform-independent Scaleable Distributed Ubiquitous Tim Berners-Lee

11 2004 Fall SIW Semantic Web Stack Source: I. Herman: Introduction to the Semantic Web, 12 November

12 2004 Fall SIW Extensible Markup Language (XML) Ø Universal format for structured documents and data on the Web Ø Meta-language used to define data interchange formats Ø Open, vendor-neutral, platform-independent standard Ø Supported by Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) and Government Off-the-Shelf (GOTS) software tools Ø Companion standards (e.g., XSLT) provide additional features (family of technologies) Recommendation

13 XML Schema 2004 Fall SIW Ø XML Schema specification defines standard datatypes and provides a mechanism for defining new datatypes Ø Provides a basis for validating XML documents Recommendation

14 2004 Fall SIW Resource Description Framework (RDF) Ø Used to associate property/value pairs with resources (subject-predicate-object): assertions Ø Resource is anything identifiable with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Ø Expressed in XML resources properties literals resources Recommendation

15 RDF Schema 2004 Fall SIW Ø Adds higher-level descriptive capabilities (e.g., classes and class hierarchies) Working Draft

16 2004 Fall SIW Ontology Ø Formal specification of a conceptualization ontologies formally specify domain concepts in shared vocabularies Concepts and relations among concepts Properties, attributes, values, constraints, rules Ø Semantic Web provides a standard method for representing ontologies using metadata

17 Ontology Spectrum 2004 Fall SIW Semantic Levels Schema Rules & Logic Thesaurus ER Conceptual Model Extended ER XTM Inferenc e Engines Local Domain Theory RDF/S Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL Unified Modeling Language Modal Logic First Order Logic Is subclass of Has narrower meaning than Strong semantics Is disjoint subclass of with transitive property Taxonomy Relational Model Weak semantics Is subclassification of Source: Daconta, M. C., Obrst, L. J., and Smith, K. T., The Semantic Web: A Guide to the Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, 2003.

18 Why Develop an Ontology? Ontologies can assist in: Navigating the information space Share a common understanding of the structure (McGuinness, 2001) Make domain assumptions explicit Communication Semantics (Dale, 2000) Impose logic for inferencing Multi-level, relative meaning Enable reuse of domain knowledge Codifies local expertise Transferable form 2004 Fall SIW

19 Ontology Languages Ø DAML+OIL ( Developed by DARPA team of researchers Language based on description logic technology Starting point for W3C Semantic Web initiative Adds additional language features for describing ontologies (e.g., cardinality) Builds on RDF(S) Ø Web Ontology Language OWL Evolution of DAML+OIL Brings DAML+OIL into W3C processes Minor changes to the language See: Fall SIW

20 2004 Fall SIW Application of Semantic Web to Military M&S Ø Data Mapping transferring information from one data model to another data model (see 04F-SIW-111) Ø Scenario Generation expressing and populating a scenario for use in M&S for training, analysis, mission planning, rehearsal, etc.

21 2004 Fall SIW MOOTW FAST Toolbox Project Ø Integration of various models, simulations, data bases and computational tools into a deployable package (laptop) for MOOTW mission planning Ø Current Components: Toolbox Controller Unit Order of Battle Data Access Tool (UOB DAT) Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS) Diplomatic and Military Operations in a Non-warfighting Domain (DIAMOND) Interim Static Stability Model (ISSM) Canadian Forces Landmine Database (CFLD) XPOD Manipulation Tool (XMT)

22 2004 Fall SIW Extending Unit Data Interchange JCATS xsd DIAMOND xsd UOB Data Access Tool xslt MAJ Glenn Hodges MOVES Thesis September 2004 exports SAI-FAST-DIF xslt UOB.xml xslt C2IEDM xsd xsd xsd xslt US and Coalition C4ISR

23 Data Mapping 2004 Fall SIW Ø Extension of property values Ø Enhancement/refinement of property values Key objective is expression of semantics to enable software to automatically perform the mappings and to auto-generate data transformations. Ø Different grouping of property values Ø Extension of propertied concepts Ø Different grouping of propertied concepts Ø Extension of associated concepts Ø Enhancements/refinements of associated concepts See 04F-SIW-111

24 Scenario Generation 2004 Fall SIW Ø Training Capabilities Analysis of Alternatives (February 2004): Scenario generation for training and mission planning is difficult and time-consuming No automated scenario generation tools exist Ø CAPT Jeff Kline, USN NPS Systems Engineering (August 2004): The greatest barrier to the use of modeling and simulation in the 72-hour planning cycle is the time to generate scenarios.

25 Scenario Information (RD3*) 2004 Fall SIW *RD3: Rapid Distributed Database Development

26 2004 Fall SIW Automated Scenario Generation Scenario Description (Operations Order) to Populated Scenario Data Scenario Description What When Where Who Forms of Expression -C2 Information Exchange Data Model -Battle Management Language -Military Scenario Definition Language Semantic Discovery and Composition Weather Intelligence Maps Terrain Forces Scenario Data Behaviors Distributed Resources

27 2004 Fall SIW Elements of the Problem (1) Ø Description Scenario (orders, plans, problem specification, requirements) Resources (inferred from scenario description) Services (data sources) à Ontologies: specification of a conceptualization Classes in the domains of interest Instances Relationships Properties (and property values) Functions and processes Constraints and rules

28 2004 Fall SIW Elements of the Problem (2) Ø Dynamic, distributed resources Web-based New sources, new products à Web Technologies Open standards Universal Resource Identifier (URI) for identification Extensible Markup Language (XML) for description Web services for communications and distributed processes Beyond Web services, strong semantics: logical assertions, classification, formal class models, rules, trust

29 RD3 Production Process and Strong Semantics 2004 Fall SIW

30 2004 Fall SIW QUESTIONS? For more information, contact: Curtis Blais MOVES Institute Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA

31 Backup Slides 2004 Fall SIW

32 Extensible Modeling and 2004 Fall SIW Simulation Framework (XMSF) Ø A composable set of standards, profiles, and recommended practices for Web-based M&S Ø Exploit industry investment in Web technologies for military M&S: Open standards XML-based languages and common ontologies for semantics Service-oriented architectures Ø Enable a new generation of distributed M&S applications to emerge, develop, interoperate

33 Web Services 2004 Fall SIW How a client talks to a Service provider depends on the WSDL WSDL Web services registry WSDL Green pages White pages Yellow pages Web From: Coyle, F. P., XML, Web Services and the Data Revolution, Addison- Wesley, 2002 Web services client uses UDDI to find an appropriate Web service XML/SOAP UDDI WSDL SOAP FTP HTTP SMTP Web services provider uses UDDI to register a Web service within the repository UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery and Integration WSDL: Web Services Description Language SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol FTP: File Transfer Protocol HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

34 Web Services Stack 2004 Fall SIW Processes Discovery, Aggregation, Choreography, S E C U R IT Y Descriptions Web Services Descriptions (WSDL) Messages SOAP Extensions Reliability, Correlation, Transactions, SOAP Communications HTTP, SMTP, FTP, JMS, IIOP, M A N A G E M E N T From: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Web Services Architecture

35 2004 Fall SIW Semantic Web Services Stack OWL, OWL-S, OWL-Rules RDF/S BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) Trading Partner Agreement UDDI/WS Inspection UDDI Service Entities, Relations, Rules Service Instances Service Flow & Composition Service Agreement Service Discovery (focused & unfocused) Service Publication WSDL Service Description WS Security Secure Messaging SOAP HTTP, FTP, SMTP, MQ, RMI over IIOP XML Messaging Transport

36 OWL, OWL-S, OWL-Rules RDF/S BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) Trading Partner Agreement UDDI/WS Inspection UDDI Service Entities, Relations, Rules Service Instances Service Flow & Composition Service Agreement Service Discovery (focused & unfocused) Service Publication 2004 Fall SIW WSDL Service Description WS Security SOAP HTTP, FTP, SMTP, MQ, RMI over IIOP Secure Messaging XML Messaging Transport From: L. Obrst, Ontologies for Semantically Interoperable Systems and C. Bussler, et. al., A Conceptual Architecture for Semantic Web Enables Web Services

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