Organization of the Human Body. Chapter 1

Transcription

1 Organization of the Human Body Chapter 1

2 Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy- studies the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another Physiology- studies the functions of the body and body parts

3 Topics of Anatomy Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomystudy of the large body structures visible to the naked eye Microscopic Anatomy- studies structures too small to see with the naked eye. Thin slices of tissue are viewed under a microscope Cytology- cells of the body Histology- tissues of the body

4 Topics of Anatomy Systemic Anatomy- studied system by system (Cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels) Developmental Anatomy- traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the lifespan Embryology- concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

5 Structure and Function Principal of complementarity of structure and functionwhat a structure can do depends on its specific form. Function always reflects structure. The lungs can serve as a site for gas exchange because the walls of their sacs are extremely thin

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7 Body Systems Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System

8 Quick Check At which level or organization is the stomach? Answer:

9 Anatomical Position Serves as a reference point when using directional terms Body erect Feet parallel Arms hanging at sides Palms facing forward

10 Directional Terms Superior Above/Closer to head Inferior Below/Toward the feet Anterior Toward the front Posterior Toward the back Ventral Toward the front Dorsal Toward the back Medial Toward the midline, inner side Lateral Away from the midline, outer side Proximal Closer to point of attachment Distal Further from the point of attachment Superficial Near the surface Medulla Inner portion of an organ Deep More internal Cortex Outer layer of an organ

11 Quick Check The ears are to the nose. Answer: The knee is to the thigh. Answer:

12 Body Planes and Sections For anatomical studies, the body is often sectioned (cut) along a flat surface called a plane. A section is named for the plane along which it is cut. Example: A cut along a sagittal plane produces a sagittal section.

13 Sagittal Plane A sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into left and right parts. A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline is the median plane or midsagittal plane. All other sagittal planes offset from the midline are parasagittal planes.

14 Frontal Plane Frontal planes are vertical planes that divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. A frontal plane is also called a coronal plane.

15 Transverse Plane Also called horizontal plane. Runs horizontally from left to right, dividing the body in superior and inferior parts. A transverse section is also called a cross section.

16 Quick Check What kind of section would separate the two eyes? Answer:

17 Body Cavities Cavity- empty space within a solid object Two sets of body cavities: 1. Dorsal Body Cavity 2. Ventral Body Cavity

18 Dorsal Body Cavity Protects the fragile nervous system Cranial cavity- space inside the skull, encases the brain. Vertebral/Spinal cavityruns within the bony vertebral column, surrounds the spinal cord.

19 Ventral Body Cavity Larger; Houses internal organs called the visceral organs. Thoracic cavity- Superior region, surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest Abdominopelvic cavity- Inferior (below diaphragm) Abdominal cavity- contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs. Pelvic cavity- lies in the bony pelvis and contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

20 Ventral Body Cavity

21 Quick Check Which body cavity holds the lungs? Answer: