Chapter 3. Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

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1 Chapter 3 Early African Societies and the Bantu Migrations

2 Africa: Geography 5,000 miles north south, east west North: West: East: Central: South: People of Africa developed depending on where they lived

3 Development of African Agriculture Sahara desert originally highly fertile region Western Sudan region nomadic herders, c BCE Domestication of cattle c BCE Later, cultivation of sorghum, yams, increasingly diverse Widespread dessication of the Sahara c BCE

4 The Gift of the Nile Gradual, predictable flooding Innundation (July October) Geography Borders Natural Resources Communication Nubia Egypt Current: north Winds: south Upper and Lower Egypt The Red Land and the Black Land

5 Ancient Nubia Nubia, the 1000 mile stretch of the Nile between Aswan and Khartoum Why do we know so little about ancient Nubian cultures? That is, why haven t you heard about them before?

6 Egypt: The Beginnings Agricultural Revolution c BCE Pre Dynastic Period, c BCE Sudanese cultivators, herders migrate to Nile river valley Adaptation to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways Villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE Impact on Political Organization Mesopotamia: grand public works to control flash floods Egypt: simple, local irrigation projects Rural rather than heavily urban development Trade networks develop

7 The Span of Egyptian History Early Nubian domination Manetho, 3 rd century BCE Egyptian priest/historian 31 Dynasties Archaic Period, Dynasties 1 3 ( BCE) Old Kingdom, Dynasties 4 6 ( BCE) 1 st Intermediate Period, Dynasties 7 10 Middle Kingdom, Dynasties ( BCE) 2 nd Intermediate Period, Dynasties Hyksos Invasion New Kingdom, Dynasties ( BCE) 3 rd Intermediate and Late Period, Dynasties 21 31

8 Unification of Egypt, c BCE Narmer (also known as Menes) and the Unification of Egypt, c BCE 1st king of Dynasty 1 Narmer Palette Capital at Memphis (in the north)

9 Archaic Period and Old Kingdom Egypt Divinity of the pharaoh Absolute rulers Ma at Buried with slaves, 2600 BCE Egyptian religion Continuum of life Belief in afterlife Tombs, mummification Ka (life soul force) persists after the body dies

10 Pyramids at Giza Khufu (Cheops in Greek) The Great Pyramid See Bentley & Ziegler, p. 58 Khafre (Chephren in Greek) Sphinx Menkaure (Mycerinus in Greek) Queen s Pyramids Temple Complex

11 Old Kingdom Relations with Nubia Competition over Nile trade Military conflict between BCE Drives Nubians to the south Established Kingdom of Kush, c BCE Trade, cultural influences continue despite military conflict

12 Old Kingdom Relations with Nubia Harkhuf s Expedition to Nubia Governor of Upper Egypt, 6 th Dynasty, c BCE Bentley & Ziegler, p. 65 How does Harkhuf s autobiography illuminate early Egyptian interest in Nubia and the processes by which Egyptians of the Old Kingdom developed knowledge of Nubia? Tomb of Harkhuf

13 End of the Old Kingdom Pepi II (c BCE) Harkhuf worked for Pepi II First Intermediate Period, Dynasties 7 10 circa BCE 22 Nomes of Upper Egypt 20 Nomes of Lower Egypt Nomarchs

14 Middle Kingdom, Dynasties Mentuhotep II (c BCE) New capital at Thebes (south) Important god = Amen (Amon, Amun) Extended power into Nubia in the south Stability No more pyramids Rock cut tombs

15 Ancient Nubia: Egypt s Rival in Africa Middle Kingdom Egypt invaded Nubia Capital at Kerma Royal tombs, 18 th 16 th centuries BCE One king was buried under a huge circular mound (as wide as a football field). He was laid on a gold covered bed and the finest objects of gold, bronze, ivory and faience were placed beside him. Inside the tomb s main corridor were 400 followers and concubines who, dressed in their best clothes, came to be buried alive with their master.

16 Second Intermediate, Dynasties Hyksos, rulers from a foreign land Semites from southwest Asia Chariot warfare Sophisticated bronze technology Capital in the north (Delta region) Kicked out by Ahmose I, founder of the New Kingdom Capital re established at Thebes (South)

17 New Kingdom, Dynasties 18-20, circa BCE Imperial Egypt Engaged in empirebuilding to protect against foreign invasion Controlled upper Nile up to 4 th cataract Nubia became Egyptianized

18 Thutmosis I Early New Kingdom Pharaohs Thutmosis II (r BCE) and Hatshepsut (r BCE) Expedition to Punt (Somalia?) Thutmosis III (r BCE) 17 military campaigns to Syria Palestine Hatshepsut Detail of Hatshepsut s fleet (see B &Z, p. 75)

19 Amenhotep III Height of the New Kingdom Huge temples at Luxor and Karnak Amenhotep IV (r BCE) Akhenaten Sun god Aten New capital at Akhetaten (Tel el Amarna) Wife Nefertiti Akhenaten and Nefertiti worship Aten Nefertiti

20 The Later New Kingdom, Dynasty 19 Rameses II (r BCE) The Great Battle with the Hittites at Kadesh in Syria Pharaoh of the Exodus? Rameses II at the Battle of Kadesh

21 Merneptah The End of the New Kingdom Dynasty 19 Stele of Merneptah 1 st mention of Israel Invasion of the Sea Peoples Rameses III End of the New Kingdom by 1085 BCE Stele of Merneptah

22 Polytheistic Egyptian Religion Continuum of human and animal world Principal gods = sun gods Re, Amen Important myth of Osiris, Isis, Seth, and Horus Afterlife Measuring the heart against the feather of Ma at Book of the Dead The Declaration of Innocence See B & Z, p. 78

23 The Culture of Egypt Writing Hieroglyphs, Sacred Writings Hieratic (priestly) script Demotic (popular) script Rosetta Stone, discovered 1799 See B & Z, p. 76, Deciphering Hieroglyphic Writing Papyrus Literature Love Poetry Wisdom Literature The Rosetta Stone, 196 B.C.E Inscription in Hieroglyphics, Demotic, and Greek

24 The End of the New Kingdom Local resistance drives Egypt out of Nubia Kingdom of Kush revives c BCE Invasions of Kushites, Assyrians destroy Egypt mid 6 th century BCE

25 Ancient Nubia: The Kingdom of Kush 800 BCE 350 CE Early capital at Napata Conquered Egypt and ruled as the 25 th Dynasty ( B.C.E.) Egyptian influence Pyramids [More royal pyramids in the Sudan than in all of Egypt] Mummies Hieroglyphs By 4 th century, capital moved further south to Meroë

26 Ancient Nubia: The Kingdom of Meroë Meroë Huge city Leader in iron industry After 4 th century, culture shows influence of Egypt and Sub Saharan Africa Literate Meroitic language and script with 23 sign alphabet are undeciphered Religion Worshipped the major Egyptian gods and regional, non Egyptian gods Main god = lion god Apedemak Prominence of women and queens

27 Ancient Nubia: Egypt s Rival in Africa Meroë collapsed in the 4 th century CE Nubia is the longest continuously related civilization in the world 3800 BCE 400 CE Recent work in the Sudan by French archaeologists suggests there may be as many as 1,000,000 ancient mounds

28 Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE Bantu: people Settled agriculture came late to Africa 2 nd 1 st millennium BCE Migration throughout sub Saharan regions Population pressures Slash and burn agriculture to clear forest Millet Sorghum Yams

29 Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE-1000 CE Bantu migrations Spread of agriculture Spread of iron metallurgy Bantu language family 1500 years Reached southern Africa in the 1 st millennium C.E. Over 500 variations of original Bantu language 90 million speakers today By 1000 CE, occupied most of Africa south of the equator

30 Bantu Religions Evidence of early monotheism Deistic views as well Prayers to intercessors, e.g. ancestor spirits Great variations among populations

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