Computer Ethics Lecture 3 Computer Hacking
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1 Outline Computer Ethics Lecture 3 Computer Hacking Learning Outcome Definitions of Hacking Hackers Motivation Destructive Programs Trojan horses Worms Time or logic bombs Denial-of-service Hacker Ethics Legal Constraints and its Jurisdiction Professional Constraints Ethical positions on Hacking Case Study Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 1 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 2 Learning Outcome Understand and define some conflicting definitions of hacking Understand the application of relevant national and international legislation to hacking Have a basic knowledge of malicious and invasive programs Understand the application of professional codes of conduct to hacking Construct defensible arguments from an ethical point of view concerning the issue of computer hacking. Definitions of Hacking In the 1960s and 1970s: The term hacker was used to describe an individual working with computers who was technically gifted Ahacker was considered to be: an expert, skilled programmer, rewriting code to customise and improve it. There was no implication that someone known as a computer hacker would act illegally. 3 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 4 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 1
2 Definitions of Hacking Hackers Motivation. however nowadays, the term hacker have shifted away from the earlier benignmeaning, towards a legal definition which is used by the authorities Hacking is defined as an obtaining and exploiting unofficial access to a computer system Hacking suggests something malicious or subversive which include: breaking into public and private databases to steal, corrupt or modify data, defrauding banks, stealing credit card details, finding out privateinformation, spreading viruses Financial gain As protest Vandalis m The Computer Hacker The challenge (fun) Public interest Reveal wrongdoi ng 5 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani Destructive Programs Computer Viruses Traditionally, hacking involved knowledge of programming and a certain degree of skill Nowadays, hacking software can easily be obtained from the Internet, and hacking accomplished with rudimentary knowledge This Software can be downloaded to crack passwords or serial numbers for software installation bypass other protections and security measures Hackers release, anonymously, destructive software known collectively as computer viruses It is called computer viruses because of the manner and ease of its spread A virus is a self-replicating piece of programming code inserted into other programs to cause some sort of unexpected, usually undesirable event Viruses can be transmitted by downloading a program from another computer or can be present on a disk. The virus lies dormant until circumstances (typically a particular time or date, or the user activating another program) cause its code to be executed by the computer. 7 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 8 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 2
3 Computer Viruses Example of Computer Viruses Some viruses are playful in intent and effect Others can be harmful by erasing data causing a computer s hard disk to require reformatting Viruses can attach themselves to the computer s operating systems other key programs Viruses can use up memory, corrupt or eras files Denial-ofservice Trojan horses Computer Viruses Time or logic bombs Worms 9 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani Trojan Horses It is a malicious program or harmful code hide inside some harmless programming or data (perhaps an image or sound file, or attachment). The victim is tricked into executing the program code by 1. opening the file or attachment, then 2. initiating a malicious sequence of events This may include damage to files programs the hard disk or modification of data 11 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani Trojan Horses Trojan Horses may enable unauthorised access to a computer, through a back door, in such a way as to gain control of that computer. It can involve the insertion of false information into a program in order to profit from the outcome for example, a false instruction to make payments to a bogus company. 12 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 3
4 Worms Time and Logic Bombs A worm is self-replicating code, that situates itself in a computer system where it can do harm. They usually come in Trojan horses. Worms do not require a specific host computer, but run independently, travelling across networks. They tend to exist in memory and are non-permanent They are network-orientated, with segments of the worm inhabiting different machines. Worm programs entail the deletion of portions of a computer s memory, thus creating a hole of missing information. Crucially, they use up system resources, slowing down a network, or shutting it down completely. Time or logic bombs are programs triggered to act when they detect a certain sequence of events or after a particular period of time has elapsed. They involve the insertion of routines that can be triggered later by the computer s clock or a combination of events When the bomb goes off, the entire system will crash A Time bomb can be activated on a particular date and attaching itself to other programs. A logic bomb is activated by a particular event or set of logical conditions initiates systems damage Time and logic bombs increase the size of the programs or files they attack, using up computer memory, and eventually shutting the computer down Denial-of-Services Hacker Ethics Another hacking tool is a denial-of-service attack in which a server, hosting a particular website, will be targeted with a massive volume of fake traffic in the form of s or requests for pages or other information These overwhelm the server and block legitimate traffic, effectively shutting down the site. The execution of such an attack usually involves the coordination of many linked machines which are often hijacked for this purpose Early hackers took their position seriously enough to establish their own ethical code, known as The Hacker Ethic The Hacker Ethic was comprised of five principal values: 1. Access to computers, and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works, should be unlimited and total. 2. All information should be free 3. Mistrust authority promote decentralisation 4. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as academic excellence, age, race or position 5. You can create art and beauty on a computer. 16 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 4
5 Hackers as public watchdogs Hackers as security consultants The public watchdogs reveal information the public has a right to know, and exposing the truth It is similar to the journalism investigation as it is involving information leaks to the press Hackers can be an intelligent and critical check against governments who withhold information from the public or abuse their power In this sense it could be argued that hackers represent one means by which we can attempt to avoid the creation of a more centralised government This relates to the third principle of the Hacker Ethic which advocates decentralisation of power and information From a hacker s perspective, the breaching of systems can provide more effective security in future Given the possibility of terrorist acts becoming more and more technologically sophisticated, perhaps we can also look to hackers as a resource to be used to foil such acts and to improve our existing security arrangements In the US, convicted hackers are regularly approached by security and intelligence agencies with offers to join them in return for amelioration or suspension of sentences Other hackers have used their notoriety to establish computer security firms and to turn their covertly gained knowledge to the benefit of commercial and public institutions Legal Constraints and their Jurisdiction According to the Computer Misuse Act in the UK, it is a criminal offence 1. To unauthorised access to computer material 2. To unauthorised access to computer material with the intent to commit or facilitate commission of further offences 3. To unauthorised modification of computer material The Computer Misuse attempts to cover international computer crime, for example an individual can be prosecuted in the UK as long as there is at least one significant link with the UK Hacking into a computer outside UK from a computer in UK is illegal, Hacking into a computer in UK from a computer outside UK is illegal, Using the UK as a staging post is also illegal, even if the hacker had never been in England. Legal Constraints and their Jurisdiction The Computer Misuse Act in the UK also includes the offences of conspiracy to commit hacking incitement to commit hacking even discussion of specific hacking actions planning an hacking action suggest carrying out the hacking action gains access to a system containing personal data copies all or some of that data to their own system 19 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 5
6 Professional Constraints The BCS Code of Conduct has a number of parts connect to hacking: 1. Members shall have regard to the legitimate rights of third parties. The term third party includes professional colleagues, or possibly competitors, or members of the public who might be affected by an IS project without their being directly aware of its existence. 2. Members shall ensure that within their professional field/s they have knowledge and understanding of relevant legislation, regulations and standards, and that they comply with such requirements For example, the UK Public Disclosure Act, Data Protection or Privacy legislation, Computer Misuse law Ethical positions on Hacking 1. Information ownership Many organisations and businesses collect our personal information Should we own information about ourselves, and have a right to correct it if it is wrong? Or, as a database operator, should I own any information that I have paid for to be gathered and stored? What if this information is inaccurate? If we imagine a hacker penetrating a system so that they can correct the records of those who have been denied the right to correct it Is the database owner or the hacker has committed the greatest ethical error? Are they both equally guilty? 21 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 22 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani Ethical positions on Hacking 2. Hacking as trespassing If computers are viewed as material possessions, then electronic entry to a computer system can be looked on as similar to physical entry into an office or home. Unless there is a specific invitation, or previous permission to enter, this could be considered trespassing, if not unlawful entry. The typical defence that hackers offer to this charge is that they are entering to test for loopholes in the software. But is this realistic or convincing? This is comparable to having a burglar break into your home in the hope that the burglar may reveal security weaknesses. Class Discussion Read (Case 7.4) A Harmless Prank and be prepared for reacting the discussions between the three main actors in the case: Steven Mackey, the student Dean of Students, Dr. Lillian Green Administrators and faculty members 23 Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani Dr. Jehad Al Amri and Dr. Salha Al Zahrani 24 6
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