Basic Medical Sciences Co-ordinator : Dr Aoife Gowran- Tel:

Transcription

1 Basic Medical Sciences Co-ordinator : Dr Aoife Gowran- gowrana@tcd.ie Tel: Office 2.14, 2nd floor TCD Biosciences Building, Pearse St., Dublin 2.! MSc Bioengineering MSc Medical Physics MSc Health Informatics MSc Medical Device Design

2 Lectures

3 Learning Objectives Describe the basic functions of the human body Define anatomy and physiology Medical terminology Mechanisms of disease (diabetes, ageing) Diagnosis Medical Intervention Integration into your own discipline

4 Lecture notes Web CT Also in my GET folder gowrana. For instructions on how to gain access to GET folders see: Department of Physiology website

5 Learning tools: Books Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood 2010 Brooks & Cole, Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 612 M98*6;4-18, John Stearne, Lending SJ 612 M98*6;1-6 Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology by Martini, Nath & Bartholomew, John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 M91*8 Wheater's functional histology: a text & colour atlas by Burkitt, Young & Heath, Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 599 +L93*4;1-16 Essential cell biology by Bruce Alberts et al., Hamilton, Lending S-LEN N82*2;1-14 Gray's anatomy for students by Drake et al., Hamilton, Lending S-LEN 611 P5*1;6, John Stearne, Lending SJ 611 P5*1

6 Learning tools: Websites

7 Assessment 1. Group presentation (50%) 2 nd December Topic is self assigned 10 Minute Talk Provide the following in hard copy on the day: 1. Print out of slides (1 copy) 2. Written summary

8 Assessment 2. Written assignment (50%) 27 th January 2012 Topic is self assigned 2 x A4 pages of font 12 text Provided in hard copy Integration of relevant BMS information (20%) Coherency for a non-expert audience (10%)

9 Student feedback Office hours: Physiology Department, Biosciences Building Friday 21 st October 12-1pm Friday 4 th November 12-1pm Friday 18 th November 12-1pm Thursday 24 th November 12-1pm

10 Levels of Organization 4. Organ 3. Tissue 2. Cellular Structural & Functional specialization 1. Fundamental chemical

11 Integration of organ function Ch. 1 Sherwood 6. Organism Level 5. Systems

12 Levels of organization Organization of the Body Chemical Molecules composed of atoms Cellular Cells are basic unit of life Tissue Organ Body system Organism

13 Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and specialized function Four primary types of tissues Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

14 Organs Consist of two or more types of primary tissues that function together to perform a particular function or functions

15 Example: Stomach - Inside of stomach lined with epithelial tissue - Wall of stomach contains smooth muscle - Nervous tissue in stomach controls muscle contraction and gland secretion - Connective tissue binds all the above tissues together

16 Body Systems Groups of organs that perform related functions Interact to accomplish a common activity Essential to survival of the whole body Do not act in isolation from one another Human body has 11 systems

17 Body Systems Circulatory System Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System Skeletal System Integumentary System Immune System Nervous System Endocrine System Reproductive System Muscular System

18 The Immune System

19 Auto-immune disease - lupus - multiple sclerosis

20 Ageing, dementia, Parkinson s disease, stroke

21 injury

22 Ageing, osteoporosis, arthritis

23 Stomach ulcer

24 Produce hormones Regulate body functions & metabolism Diabetes, obesity, infertility

25 Asthma, cystic fibrosis

26 Myocardial infarction

27 Kidney stones, renal failure

28 ? Adaptive significance of functional organ systems Homeostasis Amoeba Multi cellular organism Disruption of homeostasis Disease

29 Homeostasis Defined as maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment Does not mean that composition, temperature, and other characteristics are absolutely unchanging Homeostasis is essential for survival and function of all cells Each cell contributes to maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment

30 Homeostasis

31 Homeostasis Factors homeostatically regulated include Concentration of nutrient molecules Concentration of O 2 and CO 2 Concentration of waste products ph Concentration of water, salt & other electrolytes Volume and pressure Temperature

32 Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis

33 Role of Body Systems in Homeostasis

34 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Circulatory system Carries materials from one part of the body to another Digestive system Breaks down dietary food into smaller molecules that can be distributed to body cells Transfers water and electrolytes from external environment to internal environment Eliminates undigested food residues to external environment in the feces

35 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Respiratory system Gets O 2 from and eliminates CO 2 to the external environment Important in maintenance of proper ph of internal environment Urinary system Removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in urine

36 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Skeletal system Provides support and protection for soft tissues and organs Serves as storage reservoir for calcium Along with muscular system enables movement of body and its parts Bone marrow is ultimate source of all blood cells Muscular system Moves the bones

37 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Integumentary system Serves as outer protective barrier Important in regulating body temperature Immune system Defends against foreign invaders and against body cells that have become cancerous Paves way for repairing or replacing injured or worn-out cells

38 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Nervous system Controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses Detects and initiates reactions to changes in external environment Endocrine system Secreting glands of endocrine regulate activities that require duration rather than speed Controls concentration of nutrients and, by adjusting kidney function, controls internal environment s volume and electrolyte composition

39 Contributions of Body Systems to Homeostasis Reproductive system Not essential for homeostasis (not essential for survival of individual) Is essential for perpetuating the species

40 Homeostatic Control Systems In order to maintain homeostasis, control system must be able to Detect deviations from normal in the internal environment that need to be held within narrow limits Integrate this information with other relevant information Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore factor to its desired value

41 Homeostatic Control Systems Control systems are grouped into two classes Intrinsic controls Local controls that are inherent in an organ Extrinsic controls Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ Accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

42 Homeostatic Control Systems Feedforward responses made in anticipation of a change Feedback responses made after change has been detected Types of feedback systems Negative Positive

43 Disruptions in Homeostasis Can lead to illness and death Pathophysiology Abnormal functioning of the body associated with disease