ENERGY. FUTURE. ZAE. Solar thermal cooling. Manfred Reuß Martin Helm Manuel Riepl. ZAE Bayern 1
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1 ENERGY. FUTURE. ZAE. Solar thermal cooling Manfred Reuß Martin Helm Manuel Riepl Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 1 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights..
2 Outline 1. BASICS technology conversion factors 2. SUBSYSTMES solar collector storage chiller cooler control 3. MARKET & ACTORS Installations Cost distribution Companies Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 2
3 Solar Cooling #1 Basics Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 3 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights.
4 Heat conversion main processes - HVAC - Sorption process CLOSED cycle ABsorption (continous/liquid) R718 Water + Lithiumbromide R717 Ammonia + Water ADsorption (discontinous/solid) R718 Water + Zeolite R718 Water + Silica gel OPEN air cycle Desiccant Cooling System (DEC) Silica gel or Zeolite Lithiumchloride Thermomechanical CLOSED cycle Rankine (Turbine+Compressor) Ejector technologie (Steam jet) Vuilleumier process (cf. Stirling) Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 4
5 Heat to Cold conversion factor COP or ζ - half single double effect - Multi-stage chillers provide Heat resp. Cold at different temperature levels T3 hight Heat Half effect ~ 0.4 Desorber #1 Single effect ~ 0.7 Double effect ~ 1.2 Heat Desorber #2 e.g. 160 C 120 C T2 Condenser #1 Absorber #2 Heat Heat Desorber #1 Condenser #2 Desorber #1 95 C 65 C T1 Evaporator #2 Absorber #1 Condenser #1 Absorber #1 lowt Heat Condenser #1 Absorber #1 lowt Heat 45 C 30 C T0 COLD Evaporator #1 COLD Evaporator #1 COLD Evaporator #1 Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 5 20 C 5 C
6 Solar Cooling #2 Main Subsystems Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 6 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights.
7 LIFT THRUST Generic systems approach - Modular assembly of effective components - IEA-Task38 Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration D-A2 Collection of selected systems schemes Generic Systems Driving HEAT Reject HEAT Produced COLD Source: ZAE Bayern Sorption Heat Transformer Absorption or Adsorption Select optimal components!!! Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 7
8 Solar thermal collector system - maximum heat output at the required temperature level - Cooperation with VTT and Savosolar Effective transparent multi-layer insulation glas-foil modul for reduced losses Relevant criteria - High optical efficiency and f - Low pressure drop at high flow rate - High aperture area - Low thermal mass & hydraulic fluid content - Plate heat exchangers with low temperature difference Source: ZAE Bayern Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 8
9 Buffer tank - sensible and/or latent storage material - Cooperation with Hummelsberger Vacuum super insulated thermal storage with improved stratification device Critical parameters Source: ZAE Bayern - Functional stratification - Serial interconnection - Gravity check valve - Insulation prepared for outdoor installation - Single big one instead of several small ones - Correct Phase Change Temperature Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 9
10 Sorption chillers with natural refrigerants - heat to cold transformers - Cooperation with Scherdel Energy Engineering Multivariable absorption chiller with heat pump mode and biomass backup Critical parameters Source: Manufacturer data - High heat to cold conversion rate COP or ζ values between 0.4 to Low pressure drops in external hydraulic circuits / heat exchangers - High reject heat temperatures AND low driving heat temperatures - Tolerance to temperature deviations in terms of design point - Automatized purge system Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 10
11 Heat rejection - wet hybrid dry cooler, or any other heat consumer Temperature level does NOT significant affect conversion ratio COP or ζ BUT is proportional linked with driving heat temperature level Critical parameters - Low approach water temperature to ambient air or dewpoint temperature - Low pressure drop in the hydraulic circuits / heat exchangers - Noise, water consumption &makeup, fog, vibrations, legionelle problems - Dimensions and weight - Overall electricity consumption and fan speed control type Cooling tower consumes mostly 50% of the auxiliary electricity consumption Source: MERCK Source: Jäggi Source: Güntner Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 11
12 Solar Cooling #3 Market and Actors Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 12 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights.
13 Solar thermal cooling and air conditioning market - small but growing - Source: Solem Consulting, Tecsol, Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 13
14 Costs of SHC-Systems - small to medium scale - Cost distribution 33% Collector field 33% Piping & installation 20 % chiller < 5% pumps Source: ROCOCO Investment costs per kw Cold Costly piping & installation for custom-made systems EUR / kw Cold Source: Solarnext / Solem Consulting With collectors Without collectors Not yet a mass product Combined heating & cooling increases economic efficiency Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 14
15 Solar Heating and Cooling system providers - Europe - Mono-split kit - Stand alone unit kw chilled water capacity Solar Cooling Kits - Differente technolgies kw chilled water capacity SHC-system engineering / contracting - Worldwide installations - 17 kw up to MW chilled water capacity Source: purix Source: Solarnext Source: S.O.L.I.D SHC-system design - Absorption / Adsorption / DEC systems - 10 kw and medium chilling capacity Source: TECSOL Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 15
16 ZAE Bayern latest SHC-Reseach Project Solar Heating and Cooling for Northern and Central Europe Finnish-German Joint-Research Project contributing to the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan) VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Helsinki + Savosolar Oy, Mikkeli Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research, Garching + SCHERDEL Energietechnik GmbH, Marktredwitz 90 C >60 C 45 C Source: ZAE Bayern 5 C Source: ZAE Bayern 10 C Grant number 03ET1231A Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 16
17 Solar Cooling - Summary - Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 17 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights.
18 Solar thermal Cooling - Summary - Solar Cooling is till now a niche market, but growing Costs for small scale systems below 50 kw not competitive, yet An adaption of pumps and fans to part load conditions is mandatory Improved solar collector and storage technology is required Several companies operate medium to large scale SHC-Systems successful and economically world wide These days, the complexity of SHC-Systems requires still special know-how and experience for system design and control strategies Solar Heating AND Cooling with integrated renewable backup (Biomass, District or waste heat) is a promising solution for urban housing and industrial estates without causing grid stress Solar thermal cooling /08/25 ZAE Bayern 18
19 Any Questions? Manfred REUß - head of group solarthermal & geothermal energy - ZAE Bayern Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research e. V. Division: Energy Storage Martin HELM - SHC-system expert- Tel.: martin.helm@zae-bayern.de Walther-Meissner-Str. 6 D Garching Tel.: Fax: manfred.reuss@zae-bayern.de Manuel RIEPL - Head of group heat conversion - Tel.: manuel.riepl@zae-bayern.de We are looking forward to new projects towards a low carbon future... Solar Bavarian thermal Center for cooling Applied Energy /08/25 Research e. V. ZAE Bayern 19 All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, and dissemination as well as in the case of industrial property rights..
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