Solar System 2014 Answer sheet

Transcription

1 Solar System 2014 Answer sheet Station A (1 pt per question unless marked otherwise) A1. A7. A13. A19. A2. A8. A14. A20. A3. A9. A15. A21. A4. A10. A16. A5. A11. A17. A6. A12. A18. Solar System 2014 STATES Station B (B1-B10 1 point each; B11-B20 ½ point per blank) B1. B7. B12. M B15. M B18. M B2. B8. O O O B3. B9. B13. M B16. M B19. M B4. B10. O O O B5. B11. M B14. M B17. M B20. M B6. O O O O Station C (1 pt per question unless marked otherwise) C1. C3. C5. C7. C9. C2. C4. C6. C8. C10. C11. C13. C15. C17. (2) C12. K C C14. K C C16. C Station D (points per question given in parentheses) D1. (2) g/cm 3 D5. (1) kg/m 3 D8. (2) yrs D2. (2) g/cm 3 D6. (2) C D9. (2) m 3 D3. (1) D7. (1) kg/m 3 D10. (2) m 3 D4. (2) g/cm 3 (1) kg/m 3 D11. (4) atm Tiebreakers: Section 3 subscore, section 2 subscore, time

2 Solar System 2014 Answer Key Station A (1 pt per question unless marked otherwise) Solar System 2014 STATES A1. Tiger stripes A7. B A13. Triton A19. D A2. Enceladus A8. C A14. F A20. Cycloids A3. Saturn A9. Mars A15. B A21. B A4. Titan A10. Europa A16. A A5. D A11. Jupiter A17. C A6. A A12. C A18. Mars Station B (B1-B10 1 point each; B11-B20 ½ point per blank) B1. F B7. A B12. M Cassini B15. M Viking 1 B18. M Voyager 2 B2. C B8. F O Iapetus O Mars O Triton B3. I B9. G B13. M Cassini B16. M Galileo B19. M Vega (2) B4. D B10. D O Titan O Europa O Comet Halley B5. E B11. M Voyager 2 B14. M Voyager 1 B17. M Pathfinder B20. M Voyager 1 B6. F O Europa O Enceladus O Mars O Earth Station C (1 pt per question unless marked otherwise) C1. F C3. G IC IX C5. G VIII VII C7. D C9. A C2. C C4. B C6. E C8. G XI X C10. B C11. Critical point C13. Supercritical fluid C15. XI C17. (2) Decreases, C K C K C C then increases 374 C 140 C Station D (points per question given in parentheses) D1. (2) 2.0 g/cm 3 D5. (1) kg/m 3 D8. (2) 7.6 yrs D2. (2) 1.0 g/cm 3 D6. (2) 4.12 C D9. (2) 1.3 x 10 6 m 3 D3. (1) B D7. (1) kg/m 3 D10. (2) 3.7 x m 3 D4. (2) 2.5 g/cm 3 (1) kg/m 3 D11. (4) 4 x atm or (2) 1 x atm Tiebreakers: Section 3 subscore, section 2 subscore, time

3 Station A Image identification Instructions Use the images provided to answer the questions. For questions that ask what an object orbits, give the closest larger object. For example, the Earth orbits the Sun, but the Moon orbits the Earth. All questions at this station are worth one (1) point.

4 Questions A1-A3 use the picture below. A1. What prominent features appear in the bottom right fourth of the image? A2. What is the name of the object shown? A3. What does this object orbit? Questions A4-A6 use the picture below. A4. This image is a reconstruction based off of radar data from the Huygens probe. What object is shown here? A5. The surface temperature was recorded to be -180 C. Is the liquid visible in the picture water? A. Yes, because oceans are made of water. B. Yes, because only water exists in sufficient amounts to fill that volume. C. No, because it s actually solid ice. D. No, because it s actually liquid methane. A6. Additional findings suggest that the surface of this object is a dozen or so rocky masses that move on top of a sub-surface ocean of liquid water. This is very similar to which terrestrial process or event? A. Tectonic plates B. Magma plumes C. Pangaea D. Mid-oceanic ridges

5 Questions A7-A9 use the picture below. It is a true-color image a few tens of meters on each side. A7. What is the dark object visible at the center of the image? A. Volcanic caldera B. Meteor impact crater C. Bad pixels on the camera D. The shadow of a moon A8. What is the white material surrounding the dark spot? A. Clouds around a mountain B. Reflected sunlight off a lake C. Exposed water ice D. Polar ice cap A9. The color of the ground in this picture is largely due to iron oxide. What planet, moon, or other object is shown here? Questions A10-A12 use the picture below. A10. What object, with a subsurface ocean beneath an icy crust, is illustrated in the picture at left? A11. What does this object orbit? A12. Suppose detailed images of the surface of this object showed a very smooth surface with few large features like craters or impact basins. Would this suggest that the surface is old or young, and why? A. Old, because erosion would have eliminated large features. B. Old, because this object is in the far outer Solar System. C. Young, because an old surface would show craters and other markers of meteor bombardment. D. Young, because this object formed very recently.

6 Questions A13-A15 use the picture below. A13. Which moon is pictured at left? A14. The moon shown here orbits which planet? A. Earth D. Saturn B. Mars E. Uranus C. Jupiter F. Neptune A15. In the lower half of the image is terrain named after which fruit? A. Pomegranate C. Watermelon B. Cantaloupe D. Lemon Questions A16-A18 use the picture below. A16. The scallop formations shown in the picture at right are evidence of what kind of water/ice? A. Permafrost C. Glaciers B. Dried lake beds D. Subsurface lakes A17. The shapes are caused by water undergoing what phase change? A. Melting C. Sublimation B. Freezing D. Deposition A18. Where was this photograph taken? Questions A19-A21 use the picture below. A19. Which moon is shown in the picture at left? A. Ceres C. Iapetus B. Triton D. Europa A20. What feature of this moon is identified by arrows and traced in red? A21. What is the cause of the feature identified in the photo? A. Impact events C. Precipitation B. Tidal forces D. Geysers

7 Station B Space exploration missions Instructions Read the directions for each activity, and answer the questions using your response sheet. For questions that ask what an object orbits, give the closest larger object. For example, the Earth orbits the Sun, but the Moon orbits the Earth. Unless specified otherwise, all questions are worth one (1) point.

8 For questions B1-B10, match the mission in the left column with the object in the right column that it explored (or is exploring, or will explore). You may reuse answer choices if needed. Write the letter, not the name, on your answer sheet. B1. Viking 1 A. Europa B2. Dawn B. Triton B3. Cassini C. Ceres B4. Vega 2 D. A comet B5. Huygens E. Titan B6. MSL Curiosity F. Mars B7. Galileo Orbiter G. The Kuiper Belt B8. Pathfinder H. The Oort Cloud B9. New Horizons I. Saturn B10. Stardust For questions B11-B20, you have been given a list of images of objects, as well as the year that the photograph was taken. For half (½) a point each, write the Mission that took the image and the Object of the image on your answer sheet. B11. Taken in 1979 B12. Taken in 2007 B13. Taken in 2005 B14. Taken in 1980

9 B15. Taken in 1976 B16. Taken in 1996 B17. Taken in 1997 B18. Taken in 1989 B19. Taken in 1986 B20. Taken in 1990 (object is in blue circle)

10 Station C Phases of water Instructions Use your own knowledge, and the chart provided, to answer questions about the various phases of water and water ice. Unless specified otherwise, all questions are worth one (1) point.

11 For questions C1-C10, choose from the following list of phase changes: Solar System 2014 STATES A. Freezing C. Vaporization E. Sublimation G. Solid-solid B. Melting D. Condensation F. Deposition You will be given an initial temperature and pressure, as well as a change in one quantity. On your answer sheet, write the letter (not the name) of the first phase transition that will occur. If you choose Solid-solid, for an additional 1 point, list the two crystalline varieties involved in the phase transition. Write them in the form Start End, e.g. XI II. Initial temp Initial pressure Action C K 100 Pa Decrease temperature C C 20 MPa Decrease pressure C K 3 bar Increase pressure C4. 10 C 1 bar Increase pressure C K 100 kbar Increase temperature C C 10 Pa Increase temperature C C 15 bar Decrease temperature C K 0.5 TPa Decrease pressure C K 0.3 bar Decrease temperature C C 400 bar Increase temperature For questions C12 & C14 below, circle on your answer sheet the unit you used. C11. Above a certain temperature, water s liquid and gas phases are no longer separate. What is the name of that temperature & pressure? C12. What temperature is mentioned in question C11? You may give your answer in K or C, with no more than 3 significant figures. C13. Above the temperature mentioned in C11, in what phase does water exist? C14. A very robust pressure cooker might be able to maintain a pressure of 3 atmospheres. What is the boiling point of water at this pressure? You may give your answer in K or C, with no more than 2 significant figures. C15. Which crystalline variety of ice are you likely to find in Kuiper Belt objects, very far from the Sun or any other source of heat? C16. Titan may have a subsurface layer of the ice-vi crystal. In C, to one significant figure, what is the hottest that a layer of pure ice-vi could be? C17. (2 pts) Under increasing pressure, what happens to the freezing point of liquid water?

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13 Station D Numerical questions Instructions All questions at this station involve numbers and calculations. Use the provided calculator and scratch paper to do your work, and record only your answer on your response sheet. If there is a problem with the calculator, or you run out of scratch paper, raise your hand and someone will (quickly!) bring you more. The point value of each question is given in parentheses here and on your response sheet.

14 Questions D1-D4 use the following equation: D ave P H O 2 3P 100 rock In the equation, D ave is the average density of a body (in grams per cubic centimeter, or g/cm 3 ). P H2O & P rock refer to the percentage of the material that is water/ice or rock, respectively; and no other material (besides those two) is used in the problems below. D1. (2 pts) What is the density of an object that is 50% water and 50% rock, in g/cm 3? If you get a decimal, give it to the nearest tenth. D2. (2 pts) What is the density of an object that is entirely water, in g/cm 3? If you get a decimal, give it to the nearest tenth. D3. (1 pt) The density of Enceladus has been measured to be 1.61 g/cm 3. Therefore, Enceladus must be composed A. Entirely out of water/ice D. Mostly out of rock B. Mostly out of water/ice E. Entirely out of rock C. Of roughly equal parts water/ice and rock D4. (2 pts) What is the density of an object that is three quarters rock, in g/cm 3? If you get a decimal, give it to the nearest tenth. Questions D5-D7 use the following equation: D H 2 O T T Questions D1-D4 assumed that water and ice have a constant density. This isn t quite true in fact, there is a slight dependence on temperature. Between 0 C and 10 C, the density of water can be modeled using the above equation. In the equation, D H20 is the density of water (in kilograms per cubic meter, or kg/m 3 ) and T is the temperature (in degrees Celsius, or C). D5. (1 pt) What is the density of water just before it freezes into solid ice, in kg/m 3? Give your answer to two decimal places. D6. (2 pts) At what temperature does water reach its maximum density between 0 C and 10 C? Give your answer to two decimal places. D7. (2 pts, 1 each) What are the minimum and maximum densities of water, in kg/m 3, between 0 C and 10 C? Give your answers to two decimal places.

15 Questions D8-D11 are about Saturn s E ring, which may be due to cryovolcanism on the moon Enceladus. D8. (2 pts) The mass of the E ring is estimated to be 1.2 x 10 9 kg. Ice geysers on Enceladus have been measured ejecting 5 kg of matter every second from the moon s gravitational field. At this rate, how many years (ignoring leap days) would it take to create the E ring? Give your answer to two significant figures. (Data from Ingersoll & Ewald 2011) D9. (2 pts) If the entire E ring were compressed into a solid mass of ice, what would its volume be, in cubic meters? Use the mass from question D8, and assume the density of ice is kg/m 3. Use scientific notation, and give your answer to two significant figures. D10. (2 pts) The volume of a torus (donut shape) is V = 2π 2 Rr 2, where R and r are illustrated in the image at right. For Saturn s E ring, R is 238,000 km, and r is approximately 5,000 km (this isn t exactly true, but close enough for now!). Treating Saturn s E ring as a torus, what is its volume, in cubic meters? Use scientific notation, and give your answer to two significant figures. D11. (4 pts) Use the ideal gas law, PV = nrt, to estimate the pressure within the E ring. In this equation, P is the pressure in atmospheres, V is the volume in cubic meters, n is the number of moles of gas, R = 8.21x10-5 is the ideal gas constant, and T is the temperature in Kelvins. You will also need to know that one mole of water vapor has a mass of 18 grams, re-use the volume from question D10, and you may assume that the temperature in the E ring is a constant 25 Kelvins. Use scientific notation, and give your answer to one significant figure. If you did not get an answer to D10, you may use a value of 1.0x10 20 for the volume of the E ring for 2 points instead of 4.