SPECTRAL SIGNATURES. dr.ir. Jan Clevers. Centre for Geo-Information Dept. Environmental Sciences Wageningen UR

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1 SPECTRAL SIGNATURES dr.ir. Jan Clevers Centre for Geo-Information Dept. Environmental Sciences Wageningen UR

2 Subjects Spectral Signatures Spectral signature (reflection) Temporal signature Vegetation indices

3 Reflective Optical Window blue green red µm 1mm 1cm 1m 10m atmospheric transmittance UV VIS NIR MIR MIR TIR TIR blocking effect of atmosphere microwaves photography human eye lidar thermal scanners radar multispectral scanners microwave radiometry µm 1mm 1cm 1m 10m Wavelength optical reflective

4 Source of EM radiation 10 0 radiation (Wcm -2 µm -1 ) 10-1 curves for an average object on earth 10-2 reflected solar radiation emitted thermal radiation wavelength (µm) REFLECTION EMISSION

5 Reflection Reflection is the process of sending back EM radiation by an object Reflectance factor [0,1] -coefficient [0,1] -percentage [0%,100%] 1) ρ(λ) = L r (λ) / L i (λ) = reflected divided by incoming radiation per wavelength λ or wavelength interval λ

6 Hand-held radiometer

7 Reflection 2) ρ obj (λ) = L obj (λ) / L ref (λ) * ρ ref (λ) Reflectance factor: the radiance of an object in a certain direction under certain conditions of irradiation, relative to the radiance of an (ideal white) diffuse surface in the same direction and the same irradiation conditions. 3) Atmospheric correction model

8 Reference targets

9 Spectral band positions Meteosat NOAA AVHRR TIRS TIRS Landsat TM TIRS SPOT HRG multispectral SPOT HRG Panchromatic reflectance (%) Pan: IKONOS, Quickbird, GeoEye, WorldView Multispectral: IKONOS, Quickbird, GeoEye, WorldView dry soil 20 wet soil infrared infrared vegetation water λ wavelength (µm) near- middle- blue green red

10 Spectral Signatures: Soil Example influence of soil moisture content: 60 Newtona silt loam 0.8% Reflectance (%) % 8.3% 12.9% 16.9% 20.2% Wavelength (µm)

11 absorptance (chlorophyll) Spectral Signatures: Leaf % VIS NIR MIR transmittance absorptance (water) 20 reflectance Wavelength (µm)

12 Spectral information of a leaf Individual leaf VIS chlorophyll (absorptance) NIR cell walls - air transitions (reflectance) MIR water (absorptance)

13 Spectral Signatures: Leaf Plant type Reflectance (%) citrus tomato sorghum cotton Wavelength (µm)

14 Disease infection Reflectance (%) (1) (2) Wavelength (µm)

15 Spectral Signatures: Vegetation Reflectance (%) 50 barley 40 dry soil wet soil VIS veg. NIR veg. 1/2 VIS leaf > NIR leaf Wavelength (µm)

16 Temporal signatures: Barley Crop Reflectance (%) bare soil NIR red green days after sowing

17 Field trial with barley

18 Single-engine aircraft for 70-mm photography

19 Mounts and cameras for 70-mm photography

20 Microlight aircraft for 70-mm photography

21 Camera mounts for the microlight

22 50 Spectral bands for multispectral photography Reflectance (%) Wavelength (µm)

23 Green recording, 27 May

24 Red recording, 27 May

25 NIR recording, 27 May

26 True colour recording, 29 July

27 False colour recording, 29 July

28 Reference targets

29 Vegetation Indices: simple band combinations in order to - strenghten the spectral contribution of vegetation - eliminate the disturbing influence of the atmosphere, soil, etc. Example: simple ratio: NIR/Red Normalized difference vegetation index : NDVI = (NIR-Red) / (NIR+Red)

30 NOAA-NDVI image of Africa March June

31 Reflectance (%) WDVI (%) dry wet 20 wet 10 0 dry Temporal signatures wet days after sowing dry dry wet days after sowing Barley crop: Red, NIR Barley crop: WDVI

32 Relationship WDVI - LAI LAI 8 6 LAI = -1/α ln(1 - WDVI / WDVI ω ) WDVI

33 LAI 8 Relationship NDVI - LAI 6 4 NDVI = (NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red) NDVI

34 LAI 8 Relationship NIR/Red - LAI NIR / Red

35 Example vegetation indices LAI R NIR NIR-R NIR/R NDVI wet dry colour NDVI = (NIR - R) / (NIR + R)

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