CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS
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1 CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS Jan 13 15:43 Cell Cycle The Cell Cycle has 4 Phases: Gap 1 (G1) typical cell growth and metabolism S Phase (S) DNA Replication Gap 2 (G2) Centrioles Replicate Protein synthesis M Phase (M) Mitosis phase / cell division occurs Cell Cycle Animation Oct 23 9:15 PM 1
2 Oct 31 6:19 PM The cell cycle Interphase consists of the G1, S, and G2 stages. It is the longest event of the cell cycle. When a cell can no longer maintain homeostasis it must divide. M phase comprised of: Prophase, Metaphse, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis Interphase Jan 13 09:11 2
3 G1 Phase Growth Major period of cell growth new organelles are synthesized (to do this the cell needs to engage in a high level of protein synthesis) A rapidly dividing (every 24 hrs) human cell will spend 9 hours in G1 Phase. A cell can pause in G1 phase before entering the S phase. This pause is known as the G0 phase. Before a cell can divide again it must re enter the cell cycle in the S phase. Oct 23 9:34 PM Gap 0 Phase Some cells don't replicate their centrioles and lose their ability to divide. Ex. Neurons of the Spinal Cord and Brain Cells Oct 31 9:05 PM 3
4 S Phase DNA Replication An enzyme called Helicase causes the hydrogen bonds that hold DNA together to break or 'unzip' creating 2 single strands The DNA Polymerase allows free floating nucleotides (from your food) within your nucleus to attach to each single strand of DNA. DNA is replicated (copied) creating two identical strands of DNA! Oct 23 9:27 PM Oct 31 6:27 PM 4
5 Oct 23 10:11 PM Oct 23 10:02 PM 5
6 Oct 31 6:29 PM DNA Replication 1. Draw a DNA triplet with the base sequence ATG on the left side. Make the 5' the top left. Oct 31 8:30 PM 6
7 2. Separate the original DNA strands. 3. With different Colors, show the attachment of free floating nucleotides. Oct 31 8:32 PM DNA Replication Questions 1. Where do the free floating nucleotides come from? Foods we eat 2. How do the 2 strands compare? They are exactly the same 3. What happens if there is a mistake made during replication? A mutation occurs 4. How many chromosomes does a human somatic cell have at the end of DNA replication? 92 chromosomes Oct 31 8:34 PM 7
8 Replication Replication Video 1 Oct 31 8:42 PM G 2 Phase Growth Organelles replicate in preparation for cell division. DNA is also checked for errors before entering into cell division. In human cells this phase generally takes 4 5 hours. Oct 23 10:12 PM 8
9 MITOSIS Mitosis is the division of the cell's nuclesus There are 4 main events/phases that make up mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Oct 31 6:37 PM Nov 2 11:23 AM 9
10 Importance of Mitosis 1. Method of reproduction for all single celled organisms 2. Allows us to regenerate cells (tissue), repair cuts and bone breaks Growth one cell to trillions Oct 31 9:12 PM Prophase Replicated chromatin from Interphase begins to shorten, thicken, and coil up to form Chromatid Pairs (Sister Chromatids) Oct 31 6:39 PM 10
11 Oct 31 6:45 PM Oct 31 6:55 PM 11
12 Nucleolus and the Nuclear membrane disappear Paired centrioles split apart and begin to move to opposite poles (ends) of the cell. Oct 31 7:09 PM Plant cells don't have centrioles yet these spindle fibers still somehow form??? Oct 31 6:57 PM 12
13 Centrioles have reached opposite poles of the cell Proteins fibers begin to radiate from each centrioles. These structures are also called Asters. Late Prophase Chromatid pairs float throughout the cytoplasm Oct 31 8:48 PM Metaphase The shortest phase of the cell cycle. Chromatid pairs align at the equator of the cell Oct 31 6:58 PM 13
14 Mitosis Revamp.notebook Anaphase Centromere splits and chromatid pairs separate Spindle fibers begin to contract and drag the single Chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell Oct 31 6:47 PM Telophase Final stage of mitosis Chromosomes reach the poles and begins to uncoil to form chromatin. Spindle fibers disappear, nuclear envelope and nucleolus begin to re appear. Oct 31 8:07 PM 14
15 In early telophase the cell membrane begins to indent at the equator to form a Cleavage Furrow (Start of Cytokinesis cytoplasmic division) In late telophase cleavage furrows have indented further Oct 31 6:56 PM Late Telophase Cytoplasm division is completed The 'Mother' cell splits into 2 identical 'Daughter' cells in a process called Cytokinesis Oct 31 8:58 PM 15
16 Nov 2 11:25 AM MITOSIS IS NOW OVER Oct 31 8:12 PM 16
17 Cytokinesis Refers to the division of the cytoplasm to produce 2 genetically identical daughter cells. Animal and Plant cell's achieve cytokinesis differently. Oct 31 8:13 PM Animal Cell Cytokinesis divide from the outside by forming cleavage furrows. the cleavage furrow eventually pinches off in the middle Oct 31 8:15 PM 17
18 Mitosis Revamp.notebook Plant Cell Cytokinesis divide from the inside out through the formation of a cell plate Oct 31 8:16 PM chromosome May 10 16:57 18
19 chromosome May 10 16:57 Haploid Diploid Centromere Chromatid Chromosome Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase May 10 17:05 19
20 Interphase Jan 13 15:48 May 10 17:10 20
21 Jan 13 15:48 Label a cell going through each of the stages of mitosis. Jan 13 15:48 21
22 Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase Jan 13 09:10 Jan 13 09:10 22
23 Jan 13 09:10 23
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