The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

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1 The Cell Cycle

2 The cell cycle is a regular pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division.

3 Cell Structures Involved in the Cell Cycle Centrioles Nuclear Membrane Chromatin Chromosomes Chromatid Spindle Fibers

4 Centrioles Organelle that helps animal cells divide Made of microtubules

5 Nuclear Membrane Membrane surrounding the nucleus Breaks down and reforms throughout cell reproduction

6 Chromatin Mixture of DNA and proteins Found in the nucleus during Interphase and Cytokinesis

7 Chromosomes Structure that contains DNA Condenses or forms at the beginning of Mitosis Separates during Metaphase of Mitosis

8 Chromatid One half of a chromosome Chromosomes are split into chromatids during Anaphase of Mitosis

9 Comparing Chromatin, Chromosomes and Chromatid

10 Spindle Fibers Structures that are formed from centrioles Connect to the centromere of chromosomes during Metaphase of Mitosis Separates chromosomes into chromatids during Anaphase of Mitosis

11 Main Stages The cell cycle s main stages: 1. Gap 1 (G1) 2. Synthesis (S) 3. Gap 2 (G2) 4. Mitosis (M) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase 5. Cytokinesis Interphase

12 First Stage: Gap 1 (G 1 ) Cell carries out normal functions Ex: skeletal muscle cell contracts to move joints Cells also continue to grow during this stage. Cells spend most of their time in this stage. Length of this stage depends on the type of the cell

13 Second Stage: DNA synthesis DNA is copied (S) At the end of the synthesis stage, the cell nucleus contains two complete sets of DNA.

14 Third Stage: Gap 2 (G ) 2 Cells continue to carry out their normal functions Additional growth occurs

15 Fourth Stage: Mitosis (M) Includes two processes: Mitosis division of the cell and its contents During mitosis, the nuclear membrane dissolves, the duplicated DNA condenses around proteins and separates, and two nuclei form. Cytokinesis Process that divides the cell cytoplasm Result is two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original cell.

16 Cells divide during mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis and cytokinesis produce two genetically identical daughter cells. Interphase (G1, S, G2) prepares the cell to divide. During interphase, the DNA is duplicated. nucleus with DNA Parent cell centrioles spindle fibers centrioles

17 4 Phases of Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase PMAT Remember this Please Make A Taco

18 Chromatin condenses into chromosomes (consisting of two identical sister chromatids). Nuclear envelope breaks down Nucleolus disappears Centrosomes and centrioles begin to move to opposite sides of the cell Spindle fibers form from the centrioles Prophase

19 Interphase -> Prophase

20 Metaphase Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome. Chromosomes align along the cell equater Meta=Middle

21 Prophase -> Metaphase

22 Anaphase Sister chromatids separate from each other. Spindle fibers begin to shorten, which pulls the sister chromatids away from each other and toward opposite sides of the cell.

23 Metaphase -> Anaphase

24 Telophase Complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell. Nuclear membranes start to form Chromosomes begin to uncoil Spindle fibers fall apart

25 Anaphase -> Telophase

26 Cytokinesis Divides the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, each with a genetically identical nucleus Completion of one full stage of the cell cycle Differs in animal and plant cells In animal cells, cleavage furrow forms pinching the membrane closed. In plant cells, a cell plate forms. Cells enter interphase and the cylces begins again

27 Telophase -> Cytokinesis

28 Formation of New Cells Critical in both multicellular and single-celled organisms Single-celled organisms use cell division to reproduce Multicellular organisms use it for growth, development, and repair.

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