North Korea s International Negotiating Behavior: Continuities and Changes. Yong-Ho Kim (Inha University, South Korea,
|
|
- Thomasine O’Connor’
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 North Korea s International Negotiating Behavior: Continuities and Changes Yong-Ho Kim (Inha University, South Korea, kimyh1358@gmail.com) This paper intends to address two major questions regarding North Korean international negotiating behavior: 1) Are North Korean negotiating behaviors unique in a sense that we can hardly find similar behaviors in the process of international negotiations of other countries?; 2) Is North Korean negotiating behavior recently changing during the Kim Jong-Il government in comparison to that of his father s government? 1. The Essence of North Korean Negotiating Style North Korea negotiating behavior is not unique, but distinctive in a sense that the country's mix of moves is different from that of other countries. Even though each move of North Korean negotiators is very similar to that of other countries' negotiators, the way in which the North Koreans carry out their international negotiations are quite different from that of other countries. A combination of some common moves which North Koreans often adopt at a variety of international negotiations is discernible. "Outmaneuvering" captures the essence of the North Korean negotiating style. North Korean negotiators very often try to outmaneuver over their counterparts by manipulating the bargaining environment with preemptive measures as well as the bargaining issues with a variety of tactics. North Korea often attempts to change the bargaining environment in its favor by using its brinkmanship tactics or other radical measures. North Korea's announcement of unilaterally withdrawing itself from the NPT in March 1993 was a good example in which such an act brought the United States to negotiate directly with North Korea in June, the same year. 1 For the purpose of outmaneuvering over their counterparts, North Koreans very often intentionally ignores or attempts to challenge the international norms and organizations as to maneuver the bargaining environment to its advantage. This behavior is quite distinct from that of many other small countries like South Korea, which are likely to accept their international 1 1) Denny Roy, "North Korea and the 'Madman' Theory," Security Dialogue, 25:3, (1994). 1
2 environments as givens. More importantly, North Korean radical acts are very calculated and intentional to outmaneuver over the country's counterparts. The country's radical acts eventually turn out to be tactical moves. Even though North Korea's radical moves appear to exclude any chance to negotiate, the country tends to seek new channels of dialogue with the counterpart country. When North Koreans are ready to negotiate, they sometimes employ positive means to manipulate the bargaining environment to their advantage. For example, North Korean leaders provided unusual hospitality to the former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung in June 1994 and June 2000 respectively, in a way to lead the negotiation process. The former North Korean President Kim Il-sung unprecedentedly brought his wife to a meeting on a yacht in Pyongyang's Daedong River in order to entertain Carter and his wife. The same outmaneuvering tactic was adopted by Kim Il-sung's son, Jong-Il who surprisingly came to the Pyongyang international airport to welcome his South Korean counterpart, Kim Dae-jung. These examples strongly suggested that North Korean leaders prefer Pyongyang as their negotiation venue, when they are serious in getting the results by mobilizing their manpower and other resources in their hands as much as they can. They strongly believe that it is necessary to bring their counterparts to Pyongyang in order to persuade them for a success of negotiations. We can find many cases to prove this finding: Kim Il-sung and his son invited former Vice President of the Japanese Liberal Democratic Party Kanemaru Sin, former President Jimmy Carter, former South Korean President Kim Dae-jung, former United States Secretary of State Madlaine Albright to Pyongyang to manipulate them with unexpected hospitality. Since the North Korean leaders could easily mobilize resources for manipulation only when the negotiations were held in their capital city, they prefer to holding serious negotiations in Pyongyang instead of other cities of foreign countries. The second important characteristic of North Korean negotiating style is that the country's negotiators are very skillful in manipulating the agenda through escalating its demands, crafting new bargaining issues, making extortionary demands, a surprise proposal or a new initiative. North Korea's surprise proposal of replacing the graphite nuclear reactor with a light-water nuclear reactor at the second round of North Korea-US nuclear negotiations in Geneva in July 1993 was a good example. Kim Il-sung's offer of an option to Jimmy Carter of freezing the country's nuclear activities was another example. 2
3 It is no wonder that the North Korean negotiators have very often been manipulating bargaining issues during inter-korean negotiations. When North Korea finds itself uncomfortable with carrying out inter-korean negotiations, the country almost always brings an unacceptable issue as a new agenda for discussion. More importantly, North Korea has often attempted to create a new bargaining issue by partially renunciating its obligations previously agreed upon. 2 For example, North Korea has been avoiding Kim Jong-il's visit to Seoul which was previously declared as an item of June-15th summit declaration of the two Koreas, even though the North Korean authorities have currently been blaming South Korea's Lee Myungbak government for its ignorance of the June-15th declaration. It must be noted that North Korea's attempts to manipulate the bargaining environment and agenda have not always been successful. For example, in 2001, North Korea's insistence on demanding that the issue of United States compensations for the delay of constructing the light-water nuclear reactors be the top agenda for a new round of North Korea-United States negotiation failed, because the new U.S. administration led by the former President Bush abruptly rejected such a demand by setting its own agenda of North Korea's violation of the 1994 North Korea-United States nuclear Agreement. Depending upon the success or failure of North Korea's outmaneuvering attempts, the assessment of its negotiating power differs extremely. When North Korea's outmaneuvering is successful, it is highly praised "brilliant." 3 The best example is the 1994 nuclear agreement. In contrast, North Korea is highly condemned or criticized as being "recalcitrant," "intransigent," or "an international outcast" when the country's outmaneuvering is not successful. 4 North Korea's failure in its attempts to induce the United States to the negotiation of peace treaty by partially renunciating the 1953 Armistice Treaty in 1996 was such a case. 2. Comparisons of negotiating style between North Korean and other countries It is worth noting that North Korean negotiating behavior has been strongly influenced by the way in which the former Soviet and Chinese Communists carried out their negotiations in the 1950s and 60s. The Soviet and Chinese Communists once held a perception of international negotiation such that winning a battle was very important in conducting international negotiations and that manipulation was more important than persuasion. This Larry Niksch, "Comprehensive Negotiation with North Korea: A Viable Alternative (Summer 1994). author's conversation with professor Chong-Sik Lee. Chuck Downs, Over the Line: Understanding North Korea's Negotiating Strategy, (Washington D.C.: AEI Press, 1999). 3 for a Failed U.S. Strategy," Korea and World Affairs, Vol.18, No.2,
4 shows a sharp contrast to the way in which Western diplomats conduct international negotiations. To them, compromise is the essence of negotiation, and the craft of persuasion and the reconciliation of conflicting interests is very important. However, North Koreans do not perceive international negotiation as a problem-solving process which South Koreans and Westerners tend to do. In the latter case, the negotiators intend to seek common interests with their counterparts, given the international and domestic constraints. In contrast, North Koreans are often inclined to change the bargaining context, process, and outcomes in their favor even with internationally unacceptable means. Although the international negotiating style of North Korea is influenced by that of other Communist countries, at the same time, the former's style is also very distinctive from that of other Communist countries as well as that of other East Asian countries. Chinese Negotiating style can be characterized as one of pursuing the country's interest through old friends. 5 Chinese negotiators try to make their negotiating counterparts the friends of the Chinese people, and then demand some concessions from them as obligations of friendship. The Chinese style seems much more sophisticated, by establishing a strong personal relationship with foreigners for a longer period than the North Korean style does. On the other hand, North Korean negotiating style appears much tougher and more aggressive than the Japanese style, the essence of which can be characterized as "coping: cautiously appraising external situation, methodically weighing and sorting each and every option, deferring action on contentious issues, crafting a domestic consensus on the situation faced, making minimal adjustment or concessions in order to block, circumvent or dissolve criticism, and adapting to a situation with minimum risk." 6 3. Continuities and Changes of North Korean Negotiating Behavior During the Cold War period, no one seriously challenged to the theoretical perspective suggesting that North Korean negotiating behavior was typical of Communist style which is often characterized as that of "warrior." Like Soviet Union and Chinese Communist negotiators during the Cold-War period, North Koreans used all kinds of non-conventional tactics such as often shouting and lying, violating their promises, distorting the facts, intentional delay, and verbal threatening to win over the negotiations. Communists regarded the international negotiation as a tool of materializing socialist revolution instead of seeking the common 5 Richard Solomon, Chinese Negotiating Behavior: Pursuing Interests through 'Old Friends', (Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1999), p Michael Blaker, Japanese Negotiating Style, unpublished manuscript, 1996, unpaged. 4
5 interests of participants in the negotiations through give-and-take. It is in a sharp contrast to that of "shopkeeper" which can be found in the non-communist negotiators. During the Cold- War period, Harold Nicholson, Fred Charles Ikle, and Karl J. Holsti strongly argued that Communist style of diplomacy and negotiation is fundamentally different from that of Western World. Their argument is shared by Admiral C. Turner Joy, Dong-bok Lee and Jong-Hwan Song who have long experience of negotiating with North Korean during the Cold-War period. Their view has still been supported by Chuck Downs, Do-tae Kim and Man-ho Heo who studied the North Korean negotiating behavior during the post Cold-War period. According to Heo, North-South Korean negotiations is still not a genuine negotiation of seeking some solutions over the dispute, but a pseudo-negotiation of attempting to propagate their cause and downgrade each other. Song has strongly argued that North Koreans still use the united front strategy to take advantage of the North-South Korean negotiations in a way to penetrate into the South Korean society for the future unification of the South under the Communist banner. North Koreans are now believed to take advantage of the North-South negotiations for buying time under the unfavorable international environment against their country, ever since the Soviet Union and other European Communist countries collapsed in the early 1990s. During the Cold War period, North Korea had very limited opportunities to get involved in negotiating with the non-communist countries, while the country has recently been actively engaged in a variety of international negotiations during the Post-Cold War period. North Korea has been actively engaged in a variety of international negotiations with South Korea, the United States, Japan, and other countries as well as many international organizations and NGOs on a wide range of agenda including denuclearization, economic and energy assistance, normalizations of bilateral relationships, in many different venues at different bilateral and multilateral modalities of negotiations. For example, North Koreans very successfully completed their nuclear negotiations with their American counterparts, which resulted in the 1994 Geneva Agreements, even though they were abolished in 2002 by the Bush administration in the wake of North Korea s violation of the Agreements by developing clandestine HEU (Highly enriched uranium) nuclear bomb. In addition, North Koreans have got involved in a variety of negotiations with South Koreans for initiating and implementing many kinds of public and private projects such as Kumkang Mountain Tourism and Gaesung Industrial Complex after the 2000 North-South Summit meeting. Scholars of North Korean and international negotiations have recently paid attention to new development of North Korean diplomacy and North-South Korean relations during the 5
6 post Cold-War period. As the modality, venue, agenda and participants of international negotiations on the part of North Koreans have been gradually expanded over the past three decades, scholars of North Korean negotiations pay attention to other theories of international negotiations, since they feel that the theory of Communist negotiation is not enough to understanding the recent process and outcomes of international negotiations participated by North Koreans. Jong-Hwan Song and Scott Snyder suggested a cultural approach, while Yong-Ho Kim and Samuel Kim employed a theory of asymmetrical negotiations to explain the North Korea-U.S. nuclear negotiations. In addition, Chae-Han Kim and Leon Sigal paid attention to the game theory and a tit-for-tat strategy respectively for explaining the North Korean negotiating behavior. Even though many people have long expected any significant changes of the country s negotiating behavior in the rapidly changing post-cold War period, North Korean negotiating style has basically been the same. Since North Korea continues to keep its conception of international negotiation as a zero-sum game even during the new leadership of Kim Jong-Il after his father s death in 1994, its negotiation style of outmaneuvering cannot be expected to change in the near future. It is quite rational to assume that the inter-korean governmental negotiations will follow the existing pattern of go-and-stop which we have seen over the past three decades. In this regard, it is very hard to expect a breakthrough in fundamentally transforming the current confrontational relationship of the divided Korea into a new relationship of cooperation and peaceful coexistence through governmental negotiations in the foreseeable future. From a long-term perspective, however, I must emphasize that North Korea's negotiating style will not be fixed for the decades to come. When North Korea carries out its economic reforms and opening to the outside world in a substantial way, its negotiation style could be changed in response to its domestic and international needs. As Chinese negotiating style has gradually been changing ever since its opening to the outside world in the late 1970s, the same thing could take place in the case of North Korea. 6
3 Years Since the Kim Jong Eun Regime
3 Years Since the Kim Jong Eun Regime Lee Myung 2014. 10. 29 I. Politics and Military 1) Various political meetings - March 8 th : Party Politburo Meeting - March 9 th : Election
More informationAsian International Relations (POLS 244)
Asian International Relations (POLS 244) Instructor: Dr. Uk Heo Office: Bolton 614 Phone: 229-6681 E-mail: heouk@uwm.edu COURSE DESCRIPTION AND OBJECTIVES The general objective of this course is to develop
More informationEducating for Peace on the Korean Peninsula
Educating for Peace on the Korean Peninsula Wuna Reilly American Friends Service Committee (AFSC) Dalian, China Presented at the Conference: The Tasks of Peace Education in Asia and the Role of Religions
More informationEngaging Armed Groups the practical challenges: negotiation support
@ Background Paper 4c Engaging Armed Groups the practical challenges: negotiation support David Gorman, Andre le Sage HD Centre 1. Introduction This paper outlines the reasons why mediators might provide
More informationAlthough the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century were centered on the
To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century
More informationTo What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies?
Rahaf Alwattar Daniela Morales Kiley Smith Madison So To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies? The Cold War was an unceasing state of political and military tensions between
More information1, What are we doing? :Brief Introduction of the Study Group Research Design
(Report to the CSCAP Steering Committee, January 22 2009, Bangkok) The CSCAP s Multilateral Security Governance in Northeast Asia/North Pacific: From the Six Party Talks to More Enduring Northeast Asian/North
More informationNixon s Foreign Policy
1 Nixon s Foreign Policy 2 TEKS 1, 24, 24(G), 26 3 Listen 4 5 Listen 6 Listen 7 8 Listen After a period of confrontation, we are entering an era of negotiation. Let all nations know that during this administration
More informationCOURSE DESCRIPTION FOR THE BACHELOR DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
COURSE DESCRIPTION FOR THE BACHELOR DEGREE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Course Code 2507205 Course Name International Relations of the Middle East In this course the student will learn an historical and
More informationSummary. Russian-Dutch Bilateral Seminar
Summary Russian-Dutch Bilateral Seminar "THE ROLE OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY IN NUCLEAR SECURITY GOVERNANCE: MOVING TO THE 2014 NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT IN THE HAGUE" On September 3, 2013 PIR Center and the Embassy
More informationGREECE S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY By George A. Papandreou 1
GREECE S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 21 ST CENTURY By George A. Papandreou 1 Abstract Greece is committed to embracing all those nations who strive for democracy within their frontiers, and peaceful cooperation
More informationMemorandum. Strengthening Professional Training for Diplomacy and International Relations
December 28, 2006 Memorandum To: Walter Anderson From: Lloyd Etheredge Re: Strengthening Professional Training for Diplomacy and International Relations I. Building International Capacity: A Historical
More informationSpeaker Biographies. Formal chairman, National Defense Reform Commission
Speaker Biographies Kim, Jae Chang Formal chairman, National Defense Reform Commission General (ret.) Kim Jae Chang was born in Andong, Korea on 5 March 1940. He graduated from the Korean Military Academy
More informationInternalization and Globalization Of Legal Education
제3회 국제학술대회 315 Internalization and Globalization Of Legal Education Choi, Min Yong * 1 I. Prologue 1) This is an era of internationalization and globalization. In this age, every nation participates in
More informationDr. Axel Berkofsky European Policy Centre (EPC), Brussels University of Milano, Italy
Dr. Axel Berkofsky European Policy Centre (EPC), Brussels University of Milano, Italy The EU and China in the Global System-Partners or Competitors? Keynote Remarks A lot has been said and written on EU-China
More informationCreated by Paul Hallett
The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles had been placed to protect
More informationDISARMAMENT. The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Database
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Database Summary of the 11 th Heads of State Summit, Cartagena, Colombia (1995) General Views on Disarmament and NAM Involvement DISARMAMENT (Annex II: The Call from Columbia,
More informationCuban Intelligence Targeting of Academia a
September 2, 2014 Cuban Intelligence Targeting of Academia a The academic world primarily defined as schools, colleges, universities, and research institutes provides a fertile environment in which foreign
More informationJoint Communiqué The 46 th ROK-U.S. Security Consultative Meeting October 23, 2014 Washington D.C.
Joint Communiqué The 46 th ROK-U.S. Security Consultative Meeting October 23, 2014 Washington D.C. 1. The 46th United States-Republic of Korea (U.S.-ROK) Security Consultative Meeting (SCM) was held in
More informationAn Analysis of North Korean Trends
An Analysis of North Korean Trends Dr. Kang CHOI 1 Korea Institute for Defense Analyses I. Political Trends Unlike most people s prediction, Chairman Kim Jong-Il has successfully consolidated his power
More informationUnited Nations High-Level Meeting on Countering Nuclear Terrorism with a Specific Focus on Strengthening the Legal Framework.
United Nations High-Level Meeting on Countering Nuclear Terrorism with a Specific Focus on Strengthening the Legal Framework 28 September 2012 Chair s Summary The United Nations High-Level Meeting on Countering
More informationDear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference.
Dear Delegates, It is a pleasure to welcome you to the 2014 Montessori Model United Nations Conference. The following pages intend to guide you in the research of the topics that will be debated at MMUN
More informationTLBU Commencement Ceremony
Goals of Transnational Law and Business University TLBU Commencement Ceremony Development of regional & international cooperation and World Peace The Basic goal of the TLBU system is to strengthen the
More informationIntroduction. Bargaining - whether over arms control, the terms of a peace settlement, exchange rate
Bargaining in International Relations Introduction Bargaining - whether over arms control, the terms of a peace settlement, exchange rate coordination, alliances, or trade agreements - is a central feature
More informationHow To Study Political Science At Pcj.Edu
Political Science Courses-1 American Politics POL 110/American Government Examines the strengths and weaknesses, problems and promise of representative democracy in the United States. Surveys the relationships
More informationNorth Korea s Nuclear Program
Fact Sheet North Korea s Nuclear Program August 2012 Introduction Timelines of North Korea s nuclear program often focus on the latter half of the program s history, starting in the 1980 s when the DPRK
More informationNegotiation Theory & Practice
Negotiation Theory & Practice Michael Alvarez Stanford School of Medicine Career Center Julie Matlof Kennedy Gould Center for Conflict Resolution, Stanford 2005 Morrison & Foerster LLP All rights reserved
More informationChina s Institution Building Leading the Way to Asian Integration
China s Institution Building Leading the Way to Asian Integration Zheng Wang China s rise has been largely an economic phenomenon in the past twenty years. However, in the two years following the new leadership
More informationThe Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security
The Sixth ISODARCO Beijing Seminar on Arms Control October 29-Novermber 1, 1998 Shanghai, China The Implication of TMD System in Japan to China s Security Institute of World Economics & Politics Chinese
More informationDouble Master s Degree Program in International Relations between The University of Haifa and The University of Warsaw
Double Master s Degree Program in International Relations between The University of Haifa and The University of Warsaw Beginning in October 2015, students at the University of Haifa will have an opportunity
More informationA New Form of Services Trade Agreement Moving Ahead in Geneva: The International Services Agreement
Economic Policy Vignette 2012-11-04 A New Form of Services Trade Agreement Moving Ahead in Geneva: The International Services Agreement J. Robert Vastine November 2012 J. Robert Vastine is a Senior Industry
More informationTHE U.S. VERSUS EUROPEAN TRADEMARK REGISTRATION SYSTEMS: Could Either Learn From The Other? Cynthia C. Weber Sughrue Mion, PLLC
THE U.S. VERSUS EUROPEAN TRADEMARK REGISTRATION SYSTEMS: Could Either Learn From The Other? Cynthia C. Weber Sughrue Mion, PLLC The question I was asked to address is whether there are any aspects of the
More informationThe Strategic Importance of Morocco and the Mediterranean Region
The Strategic Importance of Morocco and the Mediterranean Region By Edward M. Gabriel, Ambassador of the United States to the Kingdom of Morocco [The following is a reprint of the speech given before the
More informationForeign Affairs and National Security
Foreign Affairs and National Security Objectives: TLW understand and explain the following questions as it relates to the Foreign affairs of the American Government What is foreign policy? What is the
More informationNEGOTIATOR -KEY FACTOR DURING A SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS
NEGOTIATOR -KEY FACTOR DURING A SUCCESSFUL INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS ORHEIAN OANA MIHAELA 1 1 Faculty of Tourism and Commercial Management, Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Romania, oana_marioara2000@yahoo.com
More informationORIGINAL: ENGLISH 11th May, 1967 DOCUMENT DPC/D(67)23. DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE Decisions of Defence Planning Committee in Ministerial Session
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH 11th May, 1967 DOCUMENT DEFENCE PLANNING COMMITTEE Decisions of Defence Planning Committee in Ministerial Session Note by the Chairman I attach for your information a list of the decisions
More informationCultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain, by Yale Richmond.
Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain, by Yale Richmond. CHAPTER 3 THE CULTURAL AGREEMENT 1961 If we are going to take advantage of the assumption that all people want peace, then
More informationPalestinian Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI): A Teacher s Guide
Palestinian Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI): A Teacher s Guide By Moshe Abelesz, The Lookstein Center I. Background Information, 1937-1949 In the Middle East there are two peoples struggling
More informationCHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights
CHAPTER 13: International Law, Norms, and Human Rights MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Why did the former Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, state that the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 was illegal?
More informationSPIN Selling SITUATION PROBLEM IMPLICATION NEED-PAYOFF By Neil Rackham
SITUATION PROBLEM IMPLICATION NEED-PAYOFF By Neil Rackham 1. Sales Behavior and Sales Success Small Sales Selling Techniques The traditional selling techniques that most of us have been trained to use
More informationCold War Spreads to Asia
Cold War Spreads to Asia China China becomes Communist 1920s Mao Zedong leads communist forces against Chiang Kai Shek leader of China s Nationalist government During WWII set aside civil war to resist
More informationGRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND STRATEGIC STUDIES
COLLEGE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 351 GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AND STRATEGIC STUDIES Degrees Offered: M.A. or M.S.S, Ph.D. Chair: Wong, Ming-hsien ( 翁 明 賢 ) The Institute Founded in 1983,
More informationUkraine Document Based Question (DBQ) Central Question: What is happening in Ukraine?
Ukraine Document Based Question (DBQ) Central Question: What is happening in Ukraine? Map of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe during the Cold War: Located in Eastern Europe, Ukraine became a part of
More informationThe development of Shinawatra University s international graduate program in joint public and business administration (PBA)
The development of Shinawatra University s international graduate program in joint public and business administration (PBA) Introduction: Given the fact that management challenges in terms of political-economic-societaltechnological
More informationUNIDIR RESOURCES IDEAS FOR PEACE AND SECURITY. Disposition of Excess Military Nuclear Material February 2012. Overview. Pavel Podvig UNIDIR
IDEAS FOR PEACE AND SECURITY UNIDIR RESOURCES Pavel Podvig UNIDIR Overview Disposition of Excess Military Nuclear Material February 2012 Nuclear material in military stockpiles is the largest category
More informationTrading Policy and Georgian Export
Trading Policy and Georgian Export Gelashvili Madona Associate Professor, Faculty of Business and Economics, Sokhumi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract Introduction and aim: Georgian foreign trade
More informationREGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (PDipIA) AND THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (MIPA)
613 REGULATIONS FOR THE POSTGRADUATE DIPLOMA IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS (PDipIA) AND THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS (MIPA) (See also General Regulations) Any publication based on
More informationCOLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT
COLD WAR-MEANING, CAUESE, HISTORY AND IMPACT INTRODUCTION After Second World War the period of International Relations from 1945 to 1990 is known as the period of Cold war. In fact, after the war, the
More informationKOREAN CANDIDATE FOR THE POST OF SECRETARY-GENERAL
KOREAN CANDIDATE FOR THE POST OF SECRETARY-GENERAL Seung-soo Han Dr. Seung-soo Han was born on 28 December 1936 in Chuncheon, Gangwon Province, Korea where he received his secondary education. He received
More informationBackground Briefing: The P5 Process History and What to Expect in 2015
Background Briefing: The P5 Process History and What to Expect in 2015 Kate Chandley January 2015 BACKGROUND AND HISTORY History of the P5 Process 1 At the Conference on Disarmament in 2008, then UK Defence
More informationConflict Management Styles Center for Student Leadership Resources
Conflict Management Styles Center for Student Leadership Resources The proverbs listed below can be thought of as descriptions of some of the different strategies for resolving conflict. Proverbs state
More informationCuban Missile Crisis Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba?
Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Why did the Russians pull their missiles out of Cuba? Materials: United Streaming Video Segment: The Hour of Maximum Danger (from Freedom: A History of the US:
More informationThe Sequence of Causes of the Cold War
The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War Outside the U.S. In the U.S. 1917 Revolutions in Russia 1917-1919 Russian Civil War 1941-1944 Second Front against Hitler Casablanca Conference 1943 Teheran Conference
More informationWhy did the US want to claim small islands in the Pacific Ocean such as Midway Island and Wake Island?
US History & Government Imperialism Why did the US create an empire in the late 19 th Century? Social: Economic: Political: Religious: Military: China Why did the US want to claim small islands in the
More informationIntroduction to International Relations Political Science 120 Spring Semester 2014 MWF 1:00-1:50pm in Kauke 136
Introduction to International Relations Political Science 120 Spring Semester 2014 MWF 1:00-1:50pm in Kauke 136 Dr. Kent Kille Office: Kauke 106 Office Phone: 263-2456 and E-mail: kkille@wooster.edu Office
More informationCURRICULUM VITAE. Professor Dr. Young Sok KIM
CURRICULUM VITAE Ewha Womans University School of Law EDUCATION Professor Dr. Young Sok KIM Doctor of Science of Law (J.S.D., Public International Law), 2000 College of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
More informationPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA. (New York, May 4, 2010) Please Check Against Delivery MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 350 EAST 35TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10016 Please Check Against Delivery Statement by H.E. Ambassador Li Baodong Head of the Chinese Delegation at
More informationName Period Date. The Cold War. Document-Based Question
Name Period Date Task: The Cold War Document-Based Question How effective was the United States government in its attempt to halt the spread of communism in Europe and Asia between the years 1945 and 1975?
More informationThe Role of Civil Society Organizations in Public Governance: The Experience of South Korea
The Role of Civil Society Organizations in Public Governance: The Experience of South Korea June. 28, 2007 Euiyoung Kim Dean, Center for International Exchanges Kyung Hee University euiyoung@khu.ac.kr
More informationU.S. Policy Objectives for HEU Minimization
U.S. Policy Objectives for HEU Minimization Parrish Staples Director Office of European & African Threat Reduction Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration HEU Symposium Vienna, Austria
More informationThe School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs (SPGIA) GOVT 322 002 CRN 75997 International Relations Theory. Overview.
The School of Policy, Government, and International Affairs (SPGIA) GOVT 322 002 CRN 75997 International Relations Theory Fall 2014 Wednesday 7:20 pm 10:00 pm in Planetary Hall room 206 Instructor: Prof.
More informationCRS Report for Congress
CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Order Code RS22542 November 29, 2006 Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing: U.S. Policy Development Summary Anthony Andrews Specialist in Industrial Engineering
More informationE VIRO ME T Council meeting Luxembourg, 14 October 2013
COU CIL OF THE EUROPEA U IO EN Conclusions on Preparations for the 19th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 19) to the United ations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 9th session
More informationManaging Conflict for Supervisors. Christina Michura Professional Development Coordinator Human Resources, Austin Community College
Managing Conflict for Supervisors Christina Michura Professional Development Coordinator Human Resources, Austin Community College Objectives Define conflict Assess the pros, cons and misconceptions Identify
More informationWriting Prompts US History
Writing Prompts US History In order to be successful in the classroom, students must have choice, write everyday and be able to defend positions. These prompts allow students to do all three. Please consider
More informationFrom Nuclear Talks to Regional Institutions: Challenges and Prospects for Security Multilateralism in Northeast Asia
From Nuclear Talks to Regional Institutions: Challenges and Prospects for Security Multilateralism in Northeast Asia Scott Snyder, Senior Adjunct Fellow for Korean Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
More informationThe Cold War, Bipolarity Structure and the Power Vacuum in the East and South East Asia after 1945
Journal of Global Peace and Conflict June 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 121-128 ISSN: 2333-584X (Print), 2333-5858 (Online) Copyright The Author(s). 2014. All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research
More informationTrends and Patterns of Public Information Disclosure in Korean Government
Trends and Patterns of Public Information Disclosure in Korean Government Myoung Jin Lee Doctoral Candidate Yousei University Department of Public Administration E-mail: zinh@yonsei.ac.kr M. Jae Moon Underwood
More informationInternational transfers of nuclear material
International transfers of nuclear material An overview of the Agency's safeguards role and activities in this area by Joseph Nardi The development of the peaceful use of nuclear energy has led to increased
More informationConflict... An Opportunity for Development
Conflict... An Opportunity for Development ~ Agenda ~ Introductions and Workshop Objectives Understanding Conflict: What is Conflict? The Conflict Cycle Resolving Conflict: Using I Messages College Conflict
More informationCold War Lesson Plan. Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union?
Cold War Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: Cold War PowerPoint Copies of Cold War Timeline Copies
More informationNote Taking Study Guide ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR
SECTION 1 ORIGINS OF THE VIETNAM WAR Focus Question: Why did the United States become involved in Vietnam? As you read, describe the Vietnam policies of Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson.
More informationGrades Middle & high school
Roles & Powers of the President Overview This lesson introduces the office of President by discussing the qualifications necessary for serving in the office, as well as the roles and powers of the President
More informationE/C.18/2011/CRP.11/Add.2
E/C.18/2011/CRP.11/Add.2 Distr.: General 19 October 2011 Original: English Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters Seventh session Geneva, 24-28 October 2011 Item 5 (h) of the
More informationMANAGING CONFLICT: Your Survival Guide to Successful Negotiation & Conflict Resolution
MANAGING CONFLICT: Your Survival Guide to Successful Negotiation & Conflict Resolution Virginia Bratton Jake Jabs College of Business & Entrepreneurship vbratton@montana.edu Audience Participation Please
More informationThe Australian Capital Territory in the Asian Century
The Australian Capital Territory in the Asian Century August 2013 SUMMARY The Australian Government s Australia in the Asian Century White Paper has given added impetus to action the ACT government is
More informationJinan 2015 International Standing Conference for the History of Education
Jinan 2015 International Standing Conference for the History of Education Two Sessions on: Histories of Education in East Asia: Indigenous Developments and Transnational Entanglements Session 1: Chair
More informationRead this syllabus very carefully. If there are any reasons why you cannot comply with what I am requiring, then talk with me about this at once.
LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING PHIL 2020 Maymester Term, 2010 Daily, 9:30-12:15 Peabody Hall, room 105 Text: LOGIC AND RATIONAL THOUGHT by Frank R. Harrison, III Professor: Frank R. Harrison, III Office:
More informationIndia s New Foreign Policy Strategy
India s New Foreign Policy Strategy By C. Raja Mohan Strategic Affairs Editor The Indian Express, New Delhi Draft paper presented at a Seminar in Beijing by China Reform Forum and the Carnegie Endowment
More informationWorld Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment
World Bank Guidelines on the Treatment of Foreign Direct Investment The Development Committee Recognizing that a greater flow of foreign direct investment brings substantial benefits to bear on the world
More informationEssentials of Negotiation
A Essentials of Negotiation Fifth edition Roy J. Lewicki The Ohio State University David M. Saunders Queen's University Bruce Barry Vanderbilt University McGraw-Hill Irwin about the authors iv preface
More informationSales of Goods - Battle of the Forms Under UCC and CISG A Practical Perspective
Sales of Goods - Battle of the Forms Under UCC and CISG A Practical Perspective ACC of Western Pennsylvania Presented by: Richard F. Paciaroni and Jason L. Richey Copyright 2010 by K&L Gates LLP. All rights
More informationCross-Border Legal Institution Design Graduate School of Law, Nagoya University
Cross-Border Legal Institution Design Graduate School of Law, Nagoya University Program Outline 1. The Concept of the Program The adaptation of a legal institution developed in one country for use in another
More informationSCREEN PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA (SPAA) SUBMISSION TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS
SCREEN PRODUCERS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA (SPAA) SUBMISSION TO THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES STANDING COMMITTEE ON LEGAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT (DIGITAL AGENDA) BILL 1999 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationTeaching Notes Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
Teaching Notes Crisis Guide: The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict CFR.org s award-winning multimedia Crisis Guide series aims to provide a detailed, tailored resource for the exploration of the world s most
More informationDECISION No. 1117 DEPLOYMENT OF AN OSCE SPECIAL MONITORING MISSION TO UKRAINE
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Permanent Council 991st Plenary Meeting PC Journal No. 991, Agenda item 1 DECISION No. 1117 DEPLOYMENT OF AN OSCE SPECIAL MONITORING MISSION TO UKRAINE
More informationWhat is Organizational Communication?
What is Organizational Communication? By Matt Koschmann Department of Communication University of Colorado Boulder 2012 So what is organizational communication? And what are we doing when we study organizational
More informationThe Lee Myung-bak Government s North Korea Policy. A Study on its Historical and Theoretical Foundation
The Lee Myung-bak Government s North Korea Policy A Study on its Historical and Theoretical Foundation A Study on its Historical and Theoretical Foundation The Lee Myung-bak Government s North Korea Policy
More informationGlobal Health Diplomacy Some characteristics. Professor Dr. Ilona Kickbusch Ankara, 29 November 2012
Global Health Diplomacy Some characteristics Professor Dr. Ilona Kickbusch Ankara, 29 November 2012 A world of change: a new multi lateral multipolar context Diplomacy is. Diplomacy is.. Diplomacy Definitions
More informationComprehensive Exam International Relations, January 2014
Comprehensive Exam International Relations, January 2014 Instructions: Answer one (1) question from each set of questions. The exam is closed book and closed note, and lasts six hours (unless you have
More informationTHE FOREIGN POLICY OF MEXICO. Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador President For a Stronger and Better Mexico
THE FOREIGN POLICY OF MEXICO Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador President For a Stronger and Better Mexico Lopez Obrador believes in the principles of self-determination, cooperation and international peace for
More informationKOREA UNIVERSITY Graduate School of International Studies
KOREA UNIVERSITY Graduate School of International Studies KOREA UNIVERSITY Korea University, founded in 1905, is widely acknowledged as one of the oldest, largest and top-ranked universities in Korea.
More informationVending Manufacturers in Europe
Vending Manufacturers in Europe Opinion Article Is the vending map changing in Europe? Some fail, others succeed By Manuel Alves Business Development Director EWExport Copyright 2009 opinion Vending Manufacturers
More informationSasakawa USA US-Japan Security Forum 29 April 2015
Sasakawa USA US-Japan Security Forum 29 April 2015 Remarks by Admiral Dennis Blair, US Navy (retired) Chairman and CEO, Sasakawa Peace Foundation, USA This morning I would like to talk about the security
More informationHOW TO WRITE A FILM ESSAY
HOW TO WRITE A FILM ESSAY Introduction Paragraph State the title and director of the film. Use words from the question to outline the topic of the essay. State the three points you will make in the main
More informationThe U.S.-China-Taiwan Triangle Relationship and American Domestic Politics.
The U.S.-China-Taiwan Triangle Relationship and American Domestic Politics. Ewha Womans University Yaeji Hong The purpose of this paper is to analyze the strategic triangle relations among the U.S., China,
More informationThe Power of Color: What Does Your Color Say About You?
The Power of Color: What Does Your Color Say About You? The COLOR CODE-Taylor Hartman, PhD The purpose of the profile is to help you identify your personality color (or type), which is the most important
More informationUNITED NATIONS LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE
UNITED NATIONS LATIN AMERICAN AND CARIBBEAN MEETING IN SUPPORT OF ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN PEACE The urgency of realizing a two-state solution Montevideo, 29 and 30 March 2011 CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY OPENING
More informationConference Call with Dr. Olli Heinonen Transcript
1 Conference Call with Dr. Olli Heinonen Transcript David Harris: Welcome ladies and gentlemen. I m absolutely delighted that The Israel Project is hosting Dr. Olli Heinonen for this conference call on
More information