Demystified CONTENTS Introduction xvii CHAPTER 1 A Look at How We See the World CHAPTER 2 What Is a Class?

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1 Introduction xvii CHAPTER 1 A Look at How We See the World 1 The Stuff That Stuff Is Made Of 1 Abstract Objects and Instances 2 Why an Object? 4 Inheritance 4 Why Use Inheritance? 6 Objects in the Business World 7 Real-Life Objects and Object-Oriented Programming 9 Quiz 10 CHAPTER 2 What Is a Class? 11 The Object of Objects 11 A Class 12 Defining a Class 13 Attributes 14 Methods 16 Combining a Class with a Program 19 Declaring an Instance of a Class 20 Initializing an Instance Variable 21 Accessing an Instance Variable 22 ix

2 x OOP Demystified Assigning a Value to an Instance Variable from Your Program 23 Calling a Method 24 Passing Parameters 25 Using a Return Value 25 Quiz 26 CHAPTER 3 Encapsulation 27 Parts of a Program Come Together 27 What Is Encapsulation? 29 Why Use Encapsulation? 30 Protection Using Access Specifiers 30 Public Access Specifier 31 Private Access Specifier 32 Protected Access Specifier 33 Encapsulation in Action Using C++ 34 Inside the Write() Member Function 35 Inside the Display() Member Function 36 Inside the main() Function 36 Protected Access Specifier in Action 38 Encapsulation in Action Using Java 41 Protected Access Specifier in Action 42 Quiz 44 CHAPTER 4 Methods and Polymorphism 45 Methods 45 Polymorphism 46 Overloading Methods 50 Polymorphism Using C++ 51 Interface 54 Interface Design 54 Binding 55

3 xi Run-Time Polymorphism 55 Run-Time Polymorphism in Action 56 Quiz 59 CHAPTER 5 Inheritance 61 Inheritance: The Only Way to Program 61 The Class Hierarchy 63 Types of Inheritance 63 Choosing the Right Type of Inheritance 67 Simple Inheritance Using C++ 69 Simple Inheritance Using Java 74 Level Inheritance Using C++ 76 Level Inheritance Using Java 79 Multiple Inheritance Using C++ 82 Multiple Inheritance Using Java 84 Quiz 85 CHAPTER 6 Abstraction 87 Abstraction: The Enforcer 87 Function vs. Functionality 89 The Power of Abstraction 90 The Abstract Method 90 Abstraction in Action 91 Errors Galore 94 Frameworks, Libraries, and Abstraction 97 Quiz 98 CHAPTER 7 Identifying and Describing Objects 99 An Object 100 Identifying Attributes 100 Describing Attributes 101 Decomposing Attributes to Data 102 Identifying Behaviors 103 Describing Behaviors 103

4 xii OOP Demystified Class Definition and Class Diagram 108 Relationships Among Objects 108 Entity Relationship Diagram 110 Leveling Diagram 111 Quiz 113 CHAPTER 8 Real-World Modeling 115 Theory vs. the Real World 116 From Simple Beginnings 116 Object-Oriented vs. Procedural Languages 116 Behavior Problems 117 Simulation May Not Be the Objective 117 Internal Model and External Model 118 Hierarchical Problems 119 Task Oriented, Not Object Oriented 120 Self-Contained Data vs. Wide Source of Data 121 The World in Discrete Pieces 121 Do We Think in Objects? 122 OOP and Data 122 Real-World Hierarchy 123 The Morphing of a Hierarchy 123 Is a Problems 124 The Real-World Challenges of Object-Oriented Programming 125 Data Storage 125 Common Procedures 126 Defining Objects 127 Hierarchy 127 The Computer World vs. the Real World 128 Quiz 131

5 xiii CHAPTER 9 Collaboration 133 What Is Collaboration? 133 Inside a Process 134 OOP Collaboration 135 UML Sequence Diagrams 141 Is main() a Class? 142 Student Registration 142 UML Collaboration Diagrams 143 Collaboration and Inheritance 145 Association 146 Self-Collaboration 146 Class Responsibility Collaborator 147 Quiz 148 CHAPTER 10 Case Modeling 149 About Case Modeling 149 Oh No, Not End Users 150 Gathering Requirements 151 The Interview 152 Essential Use Case 152 System Use Case 154 Business Rules 155 User Interface Diagramming 157 User Interface Flow Diagramming 157 User Interface Prototyping 158 Defining Classes from Our Designs 160 Identifying Technical Requirements 161 Change Cases 162 Project Management 162 Clients 163 Projects 163

6 xiv OOP Demystified Work Requests 164 Tasks 165 Estimation 166 Quiz 167 CHAPTER 11 Interfaces 169 Inside Interfaces 169 Interfaces Are Not Classes 170 Interface Diagrams 171 Show Me the HTML 172 A Quick Introduction to HTML 172 The HTMLSource Interface 173 The Classes, Before an Interface Is Implemented 174 Implementing Interfaces in Java and C# 178 Bringing It All Together 179 What About C++? 180 Components 181 Standard Interfaces 183 Standard Java Interfaces 183 Standard C# Interfaces 184 Ultimate Base Classes 185 Quiz 187 CHAPTER 12 Object-Oriented Programming Languages 189 A History of Computers and Programming 190 The Three Dominant Modern OOPLs 192 C Java 199 C# 204 Quiz 209 Final Exam 211

7 xv Answers to Quizzes and Final Exam 215 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Answers to Final Exam 225 Classes in Java 233 Interfaces 238 Packages 238 Classes in C Constructor and Destructor 242 Member Functions 242 Inline Functions 243 Unions, Structs, and Classes 243 Objects and Functions, Copy Constructors 243 Enums Inside Classes 244 Static Members 245 Class Definitions in C# 247 Destructors and Garbage Collection 249 Assemblies 250 Index 251