NEWTON S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
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1 Course and Secion Dae Names NEWTON S SECOND LAW OF MOTION The acceleraion of an objec is defined as he rae of change of elociy. If he elociy changes by an amoun in a ime, hen he aerage acceleraion during his ime is a=. (1) Newon s 2 nd law of moion saes ha if a ne force acs on an objec, he objec acceleraes and is acceleraion is proporional o he ne force applied: F NET = m a (2) The proporionaliy consan m represens he ineria of he objec and is numerical alue is he mass. Equipmen: Track, moion sensor, force sensor + hooks, car, rubber band, fan, masses, sopper PART I: Predicions Imagine ha you hae car a one end of a leel rack. There is no fricion. 1) Suppose he car is iniially a res a one he end of he. You push i wih a consan force unil i reaches he middle of he rack and hen le i roll freely unil i reaches he oher end. Skech he epeced elociy ersus ime cure o he righ 2) Ne gie i a shor ap wih your finger o se i ino moion. Then when he car has reached he cener of he rack you gie i anoher shor ap in he same direcion and le i roll o he end of he rack. Make a skech of he epeced elociy of he car as a funcion ime in he lef graph below. Ne, repea he aboe bu when he car reaches he middle of he rack you ap i in a direcion opposie o is moion. Make a skech of he epeced elociy as a funcion of ime in he righ graph.
2 3) Describe why you draw he cures as you did 4) Draw below hree free body diagrams of he car. One when is a res on he rack. Two, while i is moing (and no apping). Three, a he insan you ap i. Now for a final predicion. Suppose you raise one end of he rack o form an incline. You shoe he car up he incline and record is moion as i goes up and hen reurns o he boom of he incline. Firs, assume ha fricion can be negleced. 5) Skech he epeced posiion and elociy of he car as a funcion of ime. 6) Now, assume ha fricion canno be negleced. Again, skech he epeced posiion and elociy as a funcion of ime. 7) Are your prediced cures he same wih and wihou fricion? Eplain. PART II: Push on he car Connec he moion sensor o he Pasco inerface bo, open Daasudio and se he daa rae of he moion sensor o 50 Hz. Place he moion sensor a one end of he rack and he car cm from he sensor. sensor car
3 Tap he car wih one finger o se i moing away from he sensor and hen ap i again in he same direcion when i reaches he middle of he rack. (Noe: Try o keep mos of your hand away from he car since i will inerfere wih he measuremens.) 8) Record he elociy as a funcion of ime and make a rough skech of he cure o he righ. 9) Is he cure qualiaiely like you prediced? 10) Is he elociy consan beween aps? If no, why? 11) Now ry o push he car away from he sensor wih a consan force for an eended period of ime while recording he elociy. Skech your measured cure o he righ. 12) Does he shape of he elociy ersus ime cure during he push sugges ha you were indeed pushing wih a consan force? Eplain. Pushing he car wih your hand wih a consan force is difficul o do. In order o mainain a more nearly consan force, you can ry o pull he car wih a rubber band while keeping he srech of he rubber band consan during he pull. (Use hin rubber bands and ie wo or hree end-o-end.). Add a mass on op of he car. Saring wih he car cm from he sensor, record he elociy while pulling wih a consan srech of he rubber band in a direcion away from he sensor. 13) Does he elociy ersus ime cure sugges ha he force is approimaely consan? 14) Now add some mass (he golden ones) o he car and repea wih he same srech of he rubber band. Is your acceleraion larger or smaller? Is his wha you epec? 15) For each of he wo cases aboe, calculae he mass imes he acceleraion. Be sure o include he mass of he car. 16) We now wan o check numerically Newon 2 nd law. Use he force sensor o measure he force acing on he car (pull he rubber band wih he hook aached o he force sensor). Again keep he rubber band a consan srech and use hree differen masses. Close Daasudio (if sill open) and open he file: Newonlaw.ds conained in he T:\Daasudio folder. You see a window wih he force s ime and elociy s ime so you can compare he alues of he force wih he acceleraion during he same ime ineral. Tare he force sensor before each measuremen (press he are buon on he side of he sensor). The force migh no appear o be consan and smooh, so ake he mean alue of i. Ge he measure of he acceleraion from he elociy s ime graph. F (N) a (m/s 2 ) Mass a (N) Check On he las column (Check) draw a check mark if he Newon second s law is saisfied from your daa
4 PART III: Incline plane Now, place somehing under he end of he rack opposie o he sensor o raise i by 2-3 cm. Shoe he car so ha i rolls up he incline and comes back down. Record he posiion and elociy during his ime. Now compare hese graphs wih your earlier predicions. 17) From he elociy s ime graph, is he magniude of he acceleraion greaer when he car is moing up or down he incline? 18) How can you ell he wo acceleraions are differen by looking a he posiion s ime graph? 19) Would you say ha fricion has a noiceable effec on he shapes of he cures? Eplain. I can be shown ha he fricion force is gien by : F FRICTION m ( aup adown) (3) 2 20) Find he acceleraions by aking he slope of he elociy ersus ime cure and calculae he fricion force using he equaion aboe: Pu ogeher on he same compuer screen boh he posiion s ime and he elociy s ime graph. Turn in a prined copy of i. PART IV: Fan Car Anoher way o mainain an approimaely consan force is o use a fan car. Leel he rack and place he fan car near he sensor. Use he fan, se wih hree AA baeries + one meal cylinders, and record he elociy as i moes away from he sensor. Skech boh posiion and elociy as a funcion of ime. 21) Are he shapes of he cures wha you epec? 22) Does he shape of he elociy s ime cure sugges ha he acceleraion is approimaely consan? Eplain. 23) Find he acceleraion by aking he slope of he elociy ersus ime cure. 24) Calculae he force acing on he car (mass of he car = 490 g, mass of he fan = 260 g) 25) Now add a mass m o he fan car, look and he graph and calculae he acceleraion from he slope.
5 26) Calculae he force acing on he car in his case 27) Compare he resuls found in 24 and 26 and discuss any difference. Finally, urn he car so ha he fan blows away from he sensor (and so i would make he car moing owards he sensor). Wih he car near he sensor, shoe i away from he sensor so ha i goes owards he end of he rack and reurns, and record he elociy during his ime. Skech your elociy ersus ime and posiion ersus ime cures below. 28) Are hey wha you epec? Is he effec of fricion apparen? 29) Find he acceleraions by aking he slope of he elociy s ime cure and calculae he fricion force using he equaion (3). Pu ogeher on he same compuer screen boh he posiion s ime and he elociy s ime graphs. Turn in a prined copy of i. 30) Compare he ways you hae found he fricion force in Par III and Par IV. Which mehod do you hink is more accurae and why?
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