EXPLORING Marriages & Families

Transcription

1 EXPLORING Marriages & Families Chapter 2 Social Status: Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Social Class

2 The Link between Private Experiences and Social Structure Social Stratification: The hierarchical ranking of categories of people within society Sociological Imagination: The recognition that our personal experiences are, in large part, shaped by forces within the larger society

3 Table 2.1 Race-Based and Sex- Based Charges of Discrimination

4 Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy Sex: Biological differences between men and women, and their role in reproduction Gender: Culturally and socially constructed differences between males and females found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity

5 Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy Sex and Gender Differences Androgyny: Possessing both masculine and feminine traits in near equal proportion Gender Learning Gender Socialization: Teaching the cultural norms associated with being male or female Agents of Socialization: The primary groups responsible for gender socialization

6 Table 2.2 Agents of Socialization and How They Work

7 Figure 2.1 Who Has More Education: Husbands or Wives?

8 Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy How Do Race, Ethnicity, and Class Shape Gender Socialization? Gender s Influence on Our Family and Close Relationships: Division of Household Labor

9 Figure 2.2 Percent Saying Each Characteristic Is Very Important for a Successful Marriage

10 Sex, Gender, and Patriarchy Male Privilege: Patriarchy Female Genital Cutting Does Patriarchy Exist in the United States?

11 Table 2.3 Top Five Surgical Cosmetic Procedures in 2008

12 Race and Ethnicity The Population Is Growing More Diverse Race: A Category describing people who share real or perceived physical straits that society deems socially significant, such as skin color Ethnicity: Shared cultural characteristics, such as language, place of origin, dress, food, religion, and other values

13 Race and Ethnicity Ethnic Group: A group of people who share specific cultural features Minority Groups: A category of people who have less power than the dominant group, and who are subject to unequal treatment

14 Figure 2.3 Resident Population by Race and Hispanic Origin Status Projections: 2010 to 2050

15 Race and Ethnicity Prejudice and Discrimination: Pervasive Problems Social Capital: Social networking connections, which can be a valuable source of information, such as a resource for job leads Prejudice: A negative attitude about members of selected racial and ethnic groups Stereotypes: Oversimplified sets of beliefs about a group of people

16 Race and Ethnicity Discrimination: Behaviors, actions, or practices based on racial or ethnic preferences that have harmful impacts Individual Discrimination: One person exhibiting a negative behavior towards another person Institutional Discrimination: Social institutions such as the government, religion, and education create policies and practices that are systematically disadvantageous to certain groups

17 Race and Ethnicity Hispanic Families Black Families Asian American Families Native American and Alaska Native Families Interracial and Interethnic Families

18 Table 2.4 Educational Attainment By Race and Ethnicity

19 Social Class Approaches to Measuring Social Class Social Class: A social position based primarily on income and wealth, but occupational prestige and educational level may be relevant as well Socioeconomic Status (SES): Some combination of education, occupation, and income

20 Social Class The Upper Class The Upper Middle Class The Middle Class The Working Class The Working Poor The Underclass

21 Social Class How Does Social Class Affect our Family and Close Relationships? Social Mobility and the Lack of It - Social Mobility: Movement from one social class to another

22 Table 2.5 The 2010 Poverty Guidelines for the 48 Contiguous States and the District of Columbia

23 Poverty Poverty Guidelines: Guidelines established in 1964 as a way to measure the number of people living in poverty: based on a thrifty food budget, multiplied by three (sometimes called the poverty line ) Who Is Poor?

24 Table 2.6 People and Families in Poverty by Selected Characteristics, 2009

25 Figure 2.4 Pathways from Poverty to Adverse Child Outcomes

26 Poverty Consequences of Poverty Inadequate Health and Nutrition Food insecurity: A lack of available nourishing food on a regular basis Quality of the Home Environment Parental Stress and Mental Health

27 Poverty Consequences of Poverty (continued) Fewer Resources for Learning Housing Problems Poor-Quality Neighborhoods

28 The Intersections of Sex, Gender, Race, Ethnicity, and Class Race, class, and sex are interwoven, and together they shape the nuances of our lives