A Student Grammar of German
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1 A Student Grammar of German A Student Grammar of German is an invaluable reference guide for undergraduates and all intermediate and advanced students. It sets out the grammar of the language in a clear and jargon-free way. Every point is illustrated with numerous examples, accompanied by translations, drawn from a wide variety of printed and electronic media to reflect contemporary usage across a range of registers. Key features: An overview at the start of each chapter to provide a survey of the chapter s contents and the terms used Layout designed to facilitate ease of reference Tip boxes containing aids to understanding and learning difficult points Authentic examples drawn from a wide range of printed and electronic sources A glossary of grammatical terms with clear explanations and cross-references A full index is currently Head of German at Uppingham School, UK, where he was also Head of Modern Languages for twenty years; many of the school s alumni continue with their study of German at university level. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Linguists and has written numerous books for A-level students and others, including Wort für Wort (5th edition 2010), German for Edexcel (with others, 2008), Einsicht (1988 and 1995), and various titles for the Teach Yourself series.
2
3 A Student Grammar of German PAUL STOCKER
4 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York Information on this title: / This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2012 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Stocker, Paul, 1950 A student grammar of German /. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN German language Textbooks for foreign speakers English. 2. German language Grammar. I. Title. PF3112.S dc ISBN Hardback ISBN Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
5 Contents List of Tip boxes Acknowledgements page ix xi Introduction 1 1 Cases The cases Apposition 9 2 Nouns The gender of nouns The plural of nouns The declension of nouns 26 3 Determiners The definite and indefinite articles The use of the article Demonstrative determiners Possessive determiners Interrogative determiners Indefinite determiners Determiners and pronouns: a summary 43 4 Pronouns Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Possessive pronouns Indefinite pronouns Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns 58 5 Adjectives The declension of adjectives Adjective-nouns Adjectives used with particular cases Adjectives used with particular prepositions Adjectival phrases 72 v
6 CONTENTS 6 Adverbs Adverbs of time Adverbs of manner Adverbs of place Adverbs of comment/attitude Adverbs of degree Adverbs of reason Interrogative adverbs 81 7 Modal particles Characteristics of modal particles Modal particles 83 8 Comparative and superlative of adjectives and adverbs The comparative and superlative forms of adjectives The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs Using the comparative and superlative 90 9 Prepositions Prepositions followed by the accusative Prepositions followed by the dative Prepositions followed by the accusative or dative Prepositions followed by the genitive The translation of to with places, countries and people Contraction of prepositions with the definite article Verbs: the indicative tenses formation The present tense The simple past tense The perfect tense The pluperfect tense The future tense The future perfect tense Verbs: the indicative tenses uses The present tense The perfect and simple past tenses The pluperfect tense The future tense The future perfect tense Verbs: other types and forms Mixed verbs Modal verbs The uses of modal verbs Irregular verbs Verbs with different transitive and intransitive forms 140 vi
7 CONTENTS 12.6 Impersonal verbs Reflexive verbs Verbs with prepositional objects or unexpected cases Verbs followed by prepositional objects Prepositional adverbs Verbs used with unexpected cases The infinitive and participles The infinitive The past participle The present participle The translation of English -ing forms The passive voice The passive voice: formation and use Alternatives to the passive The imperative mood The imperative: formation and use The infinitive in general and official instructions Other ways of expressing commands The subjunctive mood Subjunctive 1/Konjunktiv I: formation and summary Subjunctive 2/Konjunktiv II: formation and summary Subjunctive 1/Konjunktiv I: use Subjunctive 2/Konjunktiv II: use Conditional in the past : uses Word order The position of the verb Conjunctions The position of elements within the clause The position of nicht Word order with infinitive clauses Word formation General points Formation of nouns Formation of adjectives Formation of adverbs Formation of verbs Numbers, spelling and punctuation Numbers Spelling 230 vii
8 CONTENTS 20.3 One word or two? ss or ß? Punctuation List of strong and irregular verbs Guide to tenses 243 Glossary 247 Further study 253 Index 255 viii
9 TIP boxes Cases Deciding which case to use page 4 Cases What are direct and indirect objects? 8 Nouns The gender of compound nouns 12 Nouns Noun plurals 19 Nouns Collective nouns with singular verbs 26 Nouns How to recognise a weak masculine noun in a dictionary Determiners some or any + noun 31 Determiners When to add case endings to all 39 Pronouns How to remember the 3rd person pronouns Pronouns du/ihr or Sie? 47 Pronouns Adjectives Adjectives The relative pronoun cannot be omitted How to recognise an adjective-noun in a dictionary Adjective-noun or adjective referring to a noun? Comparative als or wie in comparisons? 91 Prepositions Prepositions How to remember the accusative prepositions How to remember the dative prepositions Prepositions from: aus or von? 97 Prepositions The prepositions for to with places ix
10 TIP BOXES Verbs Transitive and intransitive verbs 114 Verbs Present tense endings common to all verbs 117 Verbs Verbs which take sein 121 Indicative tenses Verbs: other types Continuous action in German Iam reading, I was reading How to remember the present tense of modal verbs Verbs: other types können or dürfen? 135 Verbs: other types Avoiding es gibt and es ist/es sind 143 Verbs with cases Infinitives/ participles Infinitives/ participles Accusative or dative with double case prepositions? 149 Finite verb + zu +infinitive, or omit zu? 161 -ing words: gerund (=verbal noun) or present participle? Subjunctive Remembering the Subjunctive 1/ Konjunktiv I forms for reported speech Subjunctive Subjunctive Subjunctive German makes clear when speech is being reported Simple (one-word) Subjunctive 2 or würde +infinitive? Conditional in both wenn clause and main clause Word order Keep clauses separate 196 Word order Verb position in clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions 197 Word formation Understanding a new compound noun 214 Word formation What sort of prefix is it? 219 Numbers, spelling Deutsch with a capital or a small letter? 231 x
11 Acknowledgements I should like to thank Dr Christopher Young of Pembroke College, Cambridge, for his advice and many helpful suggestions at various stages in the writing of this book. Thanks also must go to the numerous friends and colleagues who have responded to innumerable questions and have made many wise comments on the work in progress. In particular, I should mention Elke Baden-Harrington for her help in the final stages of the manuscript. As always, some of the best critics have been those I have taught over the years. If there is any practical wisdom in this book it is to them that I owe it. Helen Barton at Cambridge University Press has been my unfailingly cheerful and helpful editor. Special thanks must go to my copy-editor, Caroline Drake, whose many perceptive questions have removed inconsistencies and helped to improve layout. And last but not least, my thanks go to my wife for her support, encouragement and patience during the writing of this book. xi
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