report on PLANT DISEASE ILLINOIS SOYBEAN DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
|
|
- Eugene Dean
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 report on PLANT DISEASE RPD No. 507 April 1998 DEPARTMENT OF CROP SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ILLINOIS SOYBEAN DISEASE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM Soybean diseases reduce Illinois soybean yields by 5 to 15 percent annually, depending on the diseases involved, the varieties grown, the management practices followed, and various environmental factors. Approximately 15 different diseases are responsible for these yield losses. A comprehensive soybean disease management program can sharply reduce these losses in yield and grain quality. A successful disease-control program could involve just a single practice, but the long-term reduction of disease losses generally requires the application of several control measures. A comprehensive and integrated disease-management program should include the use of adapted, disease-resistant varieties; high-quality, disease-free seed; a well-drained, fertile seedbed; crop rotations; various tillage practices; balanced soil fertility and proper soil reaction (ph) based on a soil test; fungicides; insect and weed control; following other suggested cultural practices; and scouting and monitoring. The goal of an integrated disease-control program is to disrupt the combination of factors necessary for disease development: an environment favorable for disease-causing organisms (pathogens), susceptible plants, the presence of sufficient quantities of a virulent pathogen capable of reproducing and spreading, and adequate time for the disease to develop. Essential to a disease-control program, therefore, is an understanding of pathogens, disease cycles, which plant parts are attacked and when, and the factors involved in the spread and reproduction of pathogens. Table 1 (pp 6-7) lists the common diseases that are known to cause yield losses in Illinois. The maps following the text show the relative risk of losses from individual diseases on a regional basis. "Relative risk" does not mean that yield losses may not be higher or lower for individual fields; it simply means that the diseases commonly pose this potential risk in the areas shown. In general, disease losses rarely exceed 5 to 10 percent in any field regardless of how many diseases are present. Therefore, potential disease losses are not cumulative. Irrigated fields, fields in river bottoms or other areas where warm, wet conditions prevail, fields planted to narrow rows, fields where reduced- or no-tillage is used, fields planted with poor-quality seed, or fields where soybeans are grown continuously have a greater risk potential for disease loss. With the knowledge of the "risk potential" of the various diseases and of the life cycles of the pathogens that cause them, an integrated and comprehensive disease-control program can be planned. Various control practices that could be incorporated into a comprehensive program are discussed in this report. CULTIVAR MATURITY AND GROWTH HABIT The relative maturity of soybean cultivars can have a dramatic impact on the severity of soybean diseases. For example, early maturing varieties for a given area will generally be more severely affected by pod and For further information contact Dean K. Malvick, Extension Specialist and Field Crops Pathologist, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. University of Illinois Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment.
2 -2- stem blight, Septoria brown spot, anthracnose, Cercospora purple seed stain and leaf blight, and sudden death syndrome. Late maturing varieties are affected less because of the generally cooler, drier conditions prevalent later in the growing season. However, early maturing cultivars are generally less affected by brown stem rot than late maturing cultivars. To minimize the damage from charcoal rot, full-season cultivars should be planted as early as possible. Soybean growth habits can affect disease development. For example, yields of short determinant varieties are generally more affected by rain-splashed pathogens than the yields of indeterminant varieties. Diseases likely to be more severe on short-stature varieties include Septoria brown spot, pod and stem blight, and Cercospora purple seed stain and leaf blight. Differences in resistance may negate the effect of plant height on disease. SEED QUALITY Many important pathogens can infect soybean seeds. Seed infection often results in poor quality (i.e., low germination, vigor, yield, or a combination of these). The disease most commonly damaging to soybean seed quality is pod and stem blight. To reduce losses, soybean growers should plant only seed that has a germination rate greater than 70 percent in a cold germination test. The cold germination test is a better indicator of seed quality than the standard warm germination test. All seed lots should be tested before planting to assure good stands of vigorous seedlings with a potential for high yield. Plump seed, free from disease-causing organisms and cracks, is more likely to produce vigorous stands and sustain fewer losses from seed rot and seedling blight fungi. In general, seed-rotting and seedling blight fungi cause severe problems only where diseased, cracked, or low-vigor seed is used or where seedbed conditions do not favor rapid germination and emergence. The use of seed-treatment fungicides to increase germination of poor-quality seed is not recommended. The productivity of stands of poor-quality seed, even if properly treated, is not equal to that of stands of nontreated, high-quality seed. High-quality seed, produced in fields with a low incidence of disease, should be harvested as soon as it is mature, and handled carefully to prevent mechanical damage. Seed treatment fungicides have no effect on damaged seed. CROP ROTATION AND TILLAGE Crop rotation and clean tillage can be important practices in controlling diseases since many soybean varieties have little or no resistance to many common diseases. Practically all of the important fungal and bacterial diseases of soybeans survive between cropping seasons on and in soybean crop debris. Few of the fungi, bacteria, and nematodes that attack soybeans infect other crop plants. Therefore, when soybean crop residue is removed or thoroughly decayed and/or rotations with corn, sorghum, small grains, or forages are used, the disease-causing organisms lack a host on which to feed and reproduce, and eventually die. Crop rotation and tillage programs that promote soybean residue decomposition before the next crop of soybeans is planted will help reduce diseases such as pod and stem blight, anthracnose, stem canker, Alternaria leaf spot, Phyllosticta leaf spot, powdery and downy mildew, bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, Septoria brown spot, Cercospora leaf blight (purple seed stain), brown stem rot, Sclerotinia white mold and several other fungal and bacterial leaf diseases. Soybean cyst nematode populations can be reduced up to 50 percent for each year an alternate crop is planted.
3 -3- Producing soybeans with practices that do not allow crop residue decomposition may result in an increase in certain diseases. In these situations it is important to use all other available disease-control practices. These include planting resistant varieties, rotating to nonhost crops, scouting fields to determine the presence of diseases, using pesticides when needed, and planting high-quality, certified seed. Tillage practices that increase soil compaction may increase the severity of diseases such as Pythium and Phytophthora root rot and brown stem rot. ROW WIDTH Little experimental data exists on the effect of row width on disease incidence. However, as row width narrows, higher humidities and slower drying conditions are encountered. Therefore, as row width narrows, diseases such as powdery mildew, downy mildew, pod and stem blight, stem canker, and anthracnose, Sclerotinia white mold, and Cercospora purple seed stain and leaf blight may increase in severity. Research on Septoria brown spot has shown no difference in that disease's development as a result of row width. Charcoal root rot impact will be less severe where narrow rows are used with early planting because of the rapid canopy development and resultant lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture levels. DATE OF PLANTING Date of planting can have a profound effect on development of certain soybean diseases. For example, late planting increases losses to charcoal root rot and soybean cyst nematode. Losses to charcoal root rot increase rapidly as soil temperatures increase. Early planted beans, however, appear more susceptible to sudden death syndrome. Planting into cold soils (less than 55 to 60 F) can delay emergence and increase seed decay and seedling blight. Soybean seeds may swell at lower temperatures but will not germinate, giving pathogens an extended opportunity to attack the seed. The period of high susceptibility to these diseases is from time of planting until the plant has 2 to 3 trifoliate leaves. The longer this period, the more severe these diseases may become. Planting high-quality seed in a warm (60 F or more), moist, well-drained, and fertile seedbed at the proper depth and spacing will ensure stands of vigorous, high-yielding seedlings. FERTILITY Adequate, balanced fertility can be important in reducing disease losses. Inadequate phosphorus or potassium can increase losses from soybean cyst nematode, charcoal rot, other root rots, and pod and stem blight. Vigorous plants are more tolerant of pathogens and are better able to produce an almost normal yield despite diseases. DISEASE SCOUTING AND MONITORING Scouting and monitoring soybeans is an important practice in long-term disease management. Scouting fields is especially helpful since diseases will probably be important only where they were present in recent years. Accurate surveys and diagnoses of problems through scouting thus permit more effective use of controls in succeeding crops, and early detection can improve the chances of reducing disease losses.
4 -4- Begin scouting your fields early in the season to detect areas that may cause problems as the crop matures. Low or flooded areas, and any part of the field where plants appear to be weak or to lack vigor should be checked more frequently. Many soybean diseases begin as circular areas in fields where the plants appear chlorotic or weakened. These areas often develop into disease centers as the plants mature. Periodic scouting of five areas of each field should begin in the seedling stage and continue throughout the season. Use the tables, maps, and other resources listed earlier to help you identify the important diseases, their relative risks, and their appearances. SPECIFIC SCOUTING PROCEDURES FOR SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE RACE DETERMINATION Experienced personnel can determine the most prevalent race present in a field by planting one or several small areas (two to three rows, 5 to 10 feet long in areas of the field showing damage) to a Race 3- resistant variety, to a Race 3- and 4-resistant variety, and to a susceptible variety normally used by the grower. If no cysts appear on the roots of the Race 3- and Race 4-resistant varieties after six to eight weeks but cysts can be seen on the roots of the susceptible variety, the predominant race is 3. If cysts are obvious on the roots of the susceptible and the Race 3-resistant variety, Races 3 and 4 are both present. If cysts are obvious on all varieties, a race other than Race 3 or 4 is present. SOIL ANALYSIS Soil analysis for soybean cyst nematodes should always be done before a susceptible variety is planted. At present, a soil population below 5 mature cysts or 150 eggs and larvae per 100 cubic centimeters of soil is considered the threshold below which a susceptible variety can be planted without significant damage. Growers who want to plant a susceptible variety as soon as possible in the rotation should sample each nonhost crop to determine the remaining population. If populations increase after cropping to a resistant variety, the buildup of a new race should be suspected. Soil samples are collected to a depth of six inches from the field in question in the fall. Ideally, approximately 10 subsamples per five acres should be taken. Subsamples should be mixed and a composite sample should be sent to the University of Illinois Plant Clinic, 1401 W. St. Mary's Rd., Urbana, IL 61802, or to another designated soybean testing laboratory, for analysis. A nominal charge will be made for processing samples. FUNGICIDES SEED TREATMENTS Fungicide seed treatments will generally improve stands regardless of quality. However, the greatest benefits will be found (1) where low seeding rates are used; (2) where seed that is of poor quality because of low rates of fungal infection must be used; and (3) where seed is planted in a seedbed in which delays in germination or emergence are likely (reduced till or no-till fields). Fungicide seed treatments are not a substitute for high-quality seed and will not improve the performance of seed that is of low quality due to mechanical damage or physiological factors. Treated seed of low
5 -5- quality will not produce stands and/or yields equal to untreated high-quality seed. Therefore, only highquality seed should be considered for planting. A fungicide seed treatment should be used on seed planted to produce seed. Research has shown that fungicide-treated seeds produce seeds that have a lower incidence of pod and stem blight infection. Fungicide seed treatments will not improve germination of seed that is of low quality because of mechanical damage or physiological factors. There are many excellent seed treatment fungicides available. Table 2 (p. 8) is designed to assist in determining the need for seed treatments, to control Pythium and Phytophthora. Selection of the proper seed treatment is very important because of the specificity of certain fungicides for controlling only Phytophthora and Pythium. FOLIAR TREATMENTS Foliar fungicide treatments may reduce losses from Septoria brown spot, Cercospora leaf blight (purple seed stain), anthracnose, pod and stem blight, and stem canker. These diseases are most damaging when the weather is warm (70 to 80 F) and wet from early pod fill to maturity or when harvest is delayed. Foliar sprays of fungicides may increase yields 10 to 15 percent, increase seed quality, and reduce disease losses when such fields are planted to soybeans the following year. The use of fungicides should be based on expected disease severity. The six diseases just listed will not be as severe in cool, dry seasons and where adequate rotations have been used. The checklist in Table 3 (p. 9), can be used at early bloom to determine whether fungicide controls for the six diseases mentioned previously should be considered. A key factor in this checklist is the presence of black specks (pycnidia) on fallen petioles. Only brown, fallen petioles should be assayed, and more than two-thirds to three-fourths of these petioles should show pycnidia. If growers use the checklist and apply fungicides correctly, maximum benefits should be achieved. Less than optimal benefits will be achieved if fungicides are applied incorrectly or if disease severity does not warrant spraying. FUNGICIDE APPLICATION At present, aircraft are the best vehicles for applying fungicides to agronomic crops. Some aircraft may not be equipped or calibrated to do this job. It is therefore important to select an aerial applicator who is familiar with disease control and whose aircraft has been properly calibrated for uniform, thorough coverage of all aboveground plant parts. With the equipment now available, a reasonable job of applying fungicides requires a minimum of 5 gallons of water carrier per acre. Superior coverage may be obtained with more water, but the cost may be prohibitive. Conversely, a lower volume (under 3 to 4 gallons per acre) gives correspondingly poorer control. Five gallons of water can be applied uniformly using approximately 30 to 70 properly spaced nozzles, depending on the aircraft. The nozzles should be D-8 to D-12, hollow cone, with No. 45 or No. 46 cores. The final decision on nozzle number, size, swath width, and placement depends on the air speed, pressure, and volume desired. Droplet size is also important. Ideally, droplets should be 200 to 400 microns in size for thorough and uniform coverage. NEMATICIDES Nematicides may be useful in controlling soybean cyst nematodes and other plant-parasitic nematodes. Nematicides are suggested only where (1) crop rotations are not possible, and (2) resistant varieties cannot be used.
6 Table 1. Soybean Diseases that reduce yields in Illinois and the relative effectiveness of various control measures Resistant High or tolerant Crop Clean seed Disease varieties rotation plowdown quality Fungicides Other controls and comments Phytophthora root rot and seedling blight Numerous races of the fungus are known. Avoid poorly drained areas and soil compaction. -6- Pythium, Rhizoctonia, and Fusarium seedling blights and root rots 2 3 Plant high-quality seed in a warm (55 to 60 F), well-drained seedbed. Deep planting may reduce uniform vigorous stands. Charcoal root rot 2 3 Early planting, deep and clean plowing, balanced fertility, narrow rows, and the avoidance of moisture stress will provide some control. Avoid high seeding rates. Soybean cyst nematode (nematicides) Early planting and the elimination of susceptible weeds will aid in control. Avoid moving contaminated soil from field to field by equipment, water, or other means. Crop rotations of three years or more are necessary even when using resistant varieties. Maintain balanced fertility and use nematicides as needed. Soil analysis should be used in decision making. Pod and stem blight, anthracnose, and stem canker Cercospora leaf blight (purple seed stain), Septoria brown spot, Frogeye leaf spot Fungicides are suggested to aid in producing high-quality seed. Grain producers may have higher yields in warm, wet seasons. Plant full-season varieties These diseases may be more damaging in narrow-row systems.
7 -7- Table 1. Soybean diseases that reduce yields in Illinois and the relative effectiveness of various control measures (cont) Resistant High or tolerant Crop Clean seed Disease varieties rotation plowdown quality Fungicides Other controls and comments Bacterial blight, bacterial pustule, wildfire Seed should not be saved from fields that are heavily infected with these diseases Downy mildew This disease may become more important in narrow-row culture systems. Sclerotinia white mold 2 3 2? The effectiveness of fungicide sprays is unknown at this time. Powdery mildew 1 Soybean mosaic, bean pod mottle, and bud blight viruses 2 (soybean mosaic) Plant seed produced in fields with a low incidence of soybean mosaic. Damage from bud blight may be reduced by bordering soybean fields with 4 to 8 rows or more of corn or sorghum. This may be especially helpful where soybean fields border alfalfa or clover fields. Before planting, apply herbicides to kill broadleaf weeds in fencerows, ditch banks, grass pastures, etc. Brown stem rot Rotations of 2 or more years are necessary for control. Soybeans planted as end rows on corn fields aid in carrying over the disease. Early-maturing varieties are generally less affected than late maturing varieties. Sudden death syndrome See comments for soybean cyst nematode. Early planted or early maturing varieties appear to be more susceptible. 1 = highly effective control measures; 2 = moderately effective; 3 = slightly effective.
8 -8- Table 2 Soybean seed treatment checklist for reducing early season stand losses due to damping-off from pythium and phytophthora fungi Point value if Risk factors answer is yes Rainfall for the 7-day period before planting was: Below normal... 2 Normal... 1 Above normal... 4 Seedbed preparation was: Conventional tillage... 1 Rough surface (conservation tillage)... 2 No-till... 4 Germination at time of planting is less than 85 percent in a warm test or less than 70 percent in a cold test (such seed should be discarded if at all possible)... 3 Previous soybean stand in field was reduced by damping-off or Phytophthora root rot... 4 Level of resistance to Phytophthora root rot is: Susceptible... 2 Tolerant... 4 Resistant to one or more races... 1 Expected rainfall for 96 hours following planting is: Lower than normal... 1 Normal... 1 Above normal... 3 Low areas of field remain flooded for 48 hours following 1 inch of rainfall... 4 Seeding rate is less than 55 pounds per acre... 3 Field is planted to double-crop soybeans... 3 TOTAL POINTS AND SUGGESTIONS Less than 7 points: seed treatment will probably not be beneficial points: seed treatment may be beneficial if weather conditions do not favor rapid germination and growth. More than 15 points: seed treatment will be beneficial to stand development.
9 Table 3. Checklist to determine whether foliar fungicide application should be Made to soybeans -9- Point value if Risk factors answer is yes Rainfall, dew, and humidity up to early bloom and pod set are: Below normal... 0 Normal... 2 Above normal... 4 Soybeans were grown in the field last year Chisel-plow, disk, or no-till was used... 1 Pycnidia (black specks) are visible on fallen petioles, and Septoria brown spot is obvious on the lower leaves... 2 Early maturing variety (not full-season) Soybeans are to be used or sold for seed... 6 Yield potential is better than 35 bushels per acre... 2 Seed quality at planting time is less than 85 percent germination in a warm test... 1 Other conditions that favor disease development (weather forecast with a 30-day period of greater-than-normal rainfall and a field history of disease) NOTE: If the total point value is 15 or more, application will probably mean increased yields and higher seed quality.
10 -10-
Picture Tour: Dry Beans Diseases
Picture Tour: Dry Beans Diseases Saginaw Valley Research and Extension Center agbioresearch.msu.edu 1 Images of: Blight Root rot White mold Common Mosaic virus Leaf spot Rust Anthracnose BLIGHT Common
More informationBENEFITS OF USING IPM
Edward J. Bechinski and William H. Bohl Potato growers who use IPM consider all available pest control tools. Alternatives to conventional pesticides are the foundation of every IPM plan. Pesticides play
More information12. INSECT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT
12. INSECT PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT Conservation farming promotes a diversity of insect life, influences pest populations and also favours many beneficial insects. The beneficial insects which act as
More informationCORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP.
CORN IS GROWN ON MORE ACRES OF IOWA LAND THAN ANY OTHER CROP. Planted acreage reached a high in 1981 with 14.4 million acres planted for all purposes and has hovered near 12.5 million acres since the early
More informationStrawberry Anthracnose
Strawberry Anthracnose Bill Turechek and Cathy Heidenreich Introduction - The term anthracnose is a general term used to describe plant diseases. Strawberry anthracnose refers to several diseases of strawberry
More informationChapter 8: Diseases. Rust
Chapter 8: Diseases Historically, fusarium wilt and rust have been considered major limiting factors in flax production in Western Canada. However, these two diseases have been effectively managed by multigenic
More informationIDENTIFICATION & MANAGEMENT OF. Pumpkin Diseases
IDENTIFICATION & MANAGEMENT OF Pumpkin Diseases 2 Richard Latin and Karen Rane Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Disease Sclerotinia Rot Phytophthora Blight Bacterial Fruit Spot Powdery Mildew Downy
More informationNO-TILL AND NITROGEN FIXING INOCULANTS
NO-TILL AND NITROGEN FIXING INOCULANTS Tom Wacek R & D Director for Urbana Laboratories St. Joseph, Missouri Nitrogen fixation is the utilization of the free gaseous nitrogen in the air by soil bacteria
More informationStrawberry Leaf Spot
Strawberry Leaf Spot Cathy Heidenreich and Bill Turechek Introduction - Leaf spot is one of the most common and widespread diseases of strawberry. Mycosphaerella fragariae is also the cause of black seed
More informationSOYBEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
SPS-104-W SPS-100-W SOYBEAN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Department of Agronomy www.agry.purdue.edu Purdue University Shawn P. Conley Department of Agronomy University of Wisconsin One of the most difficult early-season
More informationSoybean Marketing & Production College, Minneapolis, MN. isafarmnet.com
Soybean Marketing & Production College, Minneapolis, MN Peter Kyveryga, Ph.D. Operations Manager of Analytics On-Farm Network, Iowa Soybean Association Technical Editor-Precision Agriculture of the Agronomy
More informationIntegrated Pest Management
Chapter 2 Integrated Pest Management In This Chapter Keywords After learning the information in this chapter, you will be able to: 1. Define Integrated Pest Management (IPM). 2. List and describe the 5
More informationAlfalfa Diseases in Seed Production. Faye Dokken-Bouchard Provincial Specialist, Plant Disease Crops Branch, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture
Alfalfa Diseases in Seed Production Faye Dokken-Bouchard Provincial Specialist, Plant Disease Crops Branch, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture Introduction Alfalfa seed production is a well-established
More informationEcologically based weed management! Chuck Mohler! Cornell University!
Ecologically based weed management! Chuck Mohler! Cornell University! Outline! Understanding weeds! Behavior of wandering perennials! Tillage and emergence cues! Life and death of weed seeds in the soil!
More informationCulture in field conditions - Challenges A South American point of view Roberto Campos Pura Natura, Argentina
A South American point of view Roberto Campos Pura Natura, Argentina EUSTAS 6 th Stevia Symposium Leuven, July 3 rd and 4 th I. Area of cultivation II. Environment III. Production of seedlings IV. Planting
More informationChilli - Long Red Cayenne, Long Slim Cayenne, P2391, Serano, Skyline 3, Star 6601, Thai chili, Thai Dragon.
CAPSICUMS Hot pepper (chilli), sweet pepper and paprika. CLIMATE These crops require warmer conditions than tomatoes, and are more sensitive to cold and frost. The optimum mean temperatures for growth,
More informationPEST MANAGEMENT (CSP Enhancements) January 2006 Enhancement Activity Task Sheet
Reduced risks to ground and surface water quality Lower costs by limiting chemical applications to only when necessary To learn more about Integrated Pest Management go to the following website: http://extension.usu.edu/files/gardpubs/ipm01.pdf
More informationWEED MANAGEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
C 6 H A P TE R WEED MANAGEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completely studying this chapter, you should: Be able to define a weed and its four stages of development. Understand the differences between annual,
More informationCOVER CROPS FOR RASPBERRY PLANTINGS
COVER CROPS FOR RASPBERRY PLANTINGS Dr. Marvin Pritts, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University s College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853 (For more information visit www.fruit.cornell.edu)
More informationI. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES BASED ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAP) AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP)
CAC/RCP 51-2003 Page 1 of 8 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN CEREALS, INCLUDING ANNEXES ON OCHRATOXIN A, ZEARALENONE, FUMONISINS AND TRICOTHECENES CAC/RCP
More informationAgronomic Pest Control
Agronomic Pest Control Category 2a A Study Guide for Commercial Applicators A supplement to be used with Bulletin 827 Feb 2005 - Ohio Department of Agriculture Pesticide Regulation Introduction This manual
More informationHydroseed Care Guide
Hydroseed Care Guide Please read carefully and sign the invoice in the space provided to show us that you have received the Instructional Care Guide and acknowledge your responsibility to read and implement
More informationWheat Disease Identification
Wheat Disease Identification Fusarium root, crown, and foot rots Stripe rust Tan spot Leaf rust Cephalosporium stripe Stagonospora nodorum blotch Contents Diseases affecting heads and grain Black chaff...
More informationTomato Disease Management in Greenhouses
Purdue Extension publication BP-197-W University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension publication ID-233 Vegetable Diseases Tomato Disease Management in Greenhouses Photos by the authors Authors Daniel S.
More informationHarvesting Dry Bean John Nowatzki, NDSU Extension Agricultural Machine Systems Specialist
Harvesting Dry Bean John Nowatzki, NDSU Extension Agricultural Machine Systems Specialist Estimating Dry Bean Yield Dry bean yields can be estimated by knowing the number of seeds per pod, pods per plant
More informationPlant Physiology Critical Stages in the Life of a Corn Plant
Plant Physiology Critical Stages in the Life of a Corn Plant Heather Darby and Joe Lauer Nature greatly influences corn growth and yield. However, the corn producer can manipulate the environment with
More informationTomato Year-Round IPM Program ANNUAL CHECKLIST (Reviewed 12/12)
Tomato Year-Round IPM Program ANNUAL CHECKLIST (Reviewed 12/12) These practices are recommended for a monitoring-based IPM program that reduces water quality problems related to pesticide use. Track your
More informationBARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD CONVERSION FROM CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL TO NON-CHEMICAL METHODS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE
BARRIERS TO WIDESPREAD CONVERSION FROM CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL TO NON-CHEMICAL METHODS IN U.S. AGRICULTURE 1 Leonard Gianessi and 2 Nathan Reigner CropLife Foundation, Crop Protection Research Institute,
More informationvarious P levels for the past two years. Treatments were a one time application
SOIL FERTILITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CROP PRODUCTION COST IN NO-TILLAGE SYSTEMS J.T. Touchton The rapidly increasing cost of crop production is forcing an interest in practices that reduce or eliminate
More informationPUTTING FORAGES TOGETHER FOR YEAR ROUND GRAZING
PUTTING FORAGES TOGETHER FOR YEAR ROUND GRAZING Jimmy C. Henning A good rotational grazing system begins with a forage system that allows the maximum number of grazing days per year with forages that are
More informationSoybeanS n. Soybean CySt. Soybean. nematode. management. Field Guide
Soybean Soybean CySt nematode management m SoybeanS n Field Guide A visual aid for identifying and defending your soybean fields from yield-robbing SCN. table of ContentS SCN Biology... Life cycle...page
More informationKey Growth Stages. Kent McKay, NCREC. Minot, ND
Growing Peas and Lentils Key Growth Stages Kent McKay, NCREC Area Extension Agronomist Minot, ND Pea and Lentil Growth Stages Seed Germination considerations Growth and development Desiccating Considerations
More informationFertility Guidelines for Hops in the Northeast Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont Extension Agronomist
Fertility Guidelines for Hops in the Northeast Dr. Heather Darby, University of Vermont Extension Agronomist The increasing acreage of hops in the Northeast has prompted the need for fertility guidelines
More informationThere are many ways to start tomato plants these guidelines may help you get a good start for your crop.
How to Germinate tomato Seeds There are many ways to start tomato plants these guidelines may help you get a good start for your crop. When to plant In the Northern part of the U.S., traditionally will
More informationOnion & Leek Planting Guide
Onion & Leek Planting Guide Important Remove plants from box immediately. Do not put in soil or water before planting. Keep cool and dry until you can plant. Follow the instructions inside for best results.
More informationCrop residue management (CRM), a cultural practice that
Chapter V Crop Residue Management Practices Crop residue management (CRM), a cultural practice that involves fewer and/or less intensive tillage operations and preserves more residue from the previous
More informationennessee is one of the top livestock producing states in the country. Much of the livestock in Tennessee is raised by smaller-scale, parttime
T ennessee is one of the top livestock producing states in the country. Much of the livestock in Tennessee is raised by smaller-scale, parttime producers. No matter what size operation, good pasture management
More informationINSECT MANAGEMENT (Roberts & McPherson)
INSECT MANAGEMENT (Roberts & McPherson) A number of insect pests are capable of severely damaging soybeans. However, it is important to realize that soybeans can withstand considerable insect damage at
More informationFOLPAN 50 WP (FOLPET) FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL
21-NOV-2008 2008-4133 GROUP M FUNGICIDE FOLPAN 50 WP (FOLPET) FUNGICIDE COMMERCIAL A wettable powder fungicide for the control of a number of fungus diseases on certain fruit, vegetable, ornamental and
More informationAGFACTS. Strawberry disease control guide MAJOR DISEASES OF STRAWBERRIES
AGFACTS AGFACTS AGFACTS www.agric.nsw.gov.au Strawberry disease control guide Agfact H3.3.1 third edition, May 2004 Lawrence Ullio, District Horticulturist Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute Camden
More informationIs Lower Priced Urea a Bargain?
Is Lower Priced Urea a Bargain? James J Camberato Agronomy Department Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN Email: jcambera@purdue.edu Purdue University Department of Agronomy Corny News Network Published at
More informationManaging of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas
r r r rr EDUCATION RESEARCH EXTENSION The Texas A&M University System Soil & Crop Sciences Managing of Annual Winter Forages in Southwest Texas Mr Charles Stichler Assocaite Professor and Extension Agronomist
More informationFULL COVERAGE IRRIGATION for tree & vine crops the facts.
Handy Pocket Guide rotator technology save water, save energy and do a better job of irrigating. FULL COVERAGE IRRIGATION for tree & vine crops the facts. Copyright 2008 Nelson Irrigation Corporation 1
More informationSummer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns
Summer Stress Arrives Early on Cool Season Lawns Figure 1. A fall installed tall fescue sod showing the first signs of summer stress following the arrival of record setting heat in central Virginia in
More informationCorn Tissue Sampling WHEN AND HOW
WHEN AND HOW Corn Tissue Sampling After the grower, farm, field and plant tissue work order have been created within the Nutra-Links Crop Intelligence software; 1. Print the field s work order and take
More informationManaging Wheat by Growth Stage
Managing Wheat by Growth Stage Kiersten Wise, Bill Johnson....Purdue Botany and Plant Pathology Chuck Mansfield.......... Purdue Agronomy Christian Krupke.......... Purdue Entomology ID-422 Photos by Kiersten
More informationYield Response of Corn to Plant Population in Indiana
Purdue University Department of Agronomy Applied Crop Production Research Update Updated May 2016 URL: http://www.kingcorn.org/news/timeless/seedingrateguidelines.pdf Yield Response of Corn to Plant Population
More informationIrish potatoes are one of America s most
E-511 11-10 Easy Gardening Joseph Masabni, Assistant Professor and Extension Horticulturist, The Texas A&M University System Irish potatoes are one of America s most popular vegetables the average American
More informationWhat is Integrated Pest Management?
SLIDE 1: This is Steve Johnson, University of Maine Cooperative Extension, bringing you information on Integrated Pest Management. It is possible to receive a Maine Board of Pesticides Control recertification
More informationTree Integrated Pest Management. Dan Nortman Virginia Cooperative Extension, York County
Tree Integrated Pest Management Dan Nortman Virginia Cooperative Extension, York County IPM Refresher Definition: The use of a combination of appropriate pest control tactics to reduce pest population
More informationWilt diseases of tomatoes can be caused
A l a b a m a A & M a n d A u b u r n U n i v e r s i t i e s Wilt Diseases of Tomatoes ANR-0797 Wilt diseases of tomatoes can be caused by fungal, bacterial, viral, and nematode pathogens, as well as
More informationNematode Management in Okra 1
ENY-043 Nematode Management in Okra 1 J.W. Noling 2 Okra is infamous for its susceptibility to root-knot nematodes; it is also extremely sensitive to sting nematodes. Because of this, okra should not be
More informationGENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE
GENERAL WATERING & CARE GUIDE Between 30-60 percent of water applied to lawns and gardens is never absorbed by the plants. Water is often wasted because it is applied too quickly and runs off, evaporates
More informationENERGY IN FERTILIZER AND PESTICIDE PRODUCTION AND USE
Farm Energy IQ Conserving Energy in Nutrient Use and Pest Control INTRODUCTION Fertilizers and pesticides are the most widely used sources of nutrients and pest control, respectively. Fertilizer and pesticides
More informationSOYBEAN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT GUIDE
SOYBEAN NEMATODE MANAGEMENT GUIDE AUTHORS: David Holshouser, Ph.D. Professor and Extension Agronomist Jon Eisenback, Ph.D. Pat Phipps, Ph.D. David Moore Professor of Nematology Professor and Extension
More informationBacterial Diseases of Tomato: 2012
Bacterial Diseases of Tomato: 2012 Bacterial diseases of tomato Bacterial speck Bacterial spot Bacterial canker Bacterial diseases of tomato Bacterial speck- causes lesions on leaves, stems and fruit.
More informationMaize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries of Kenya, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda
Maize Production in Uganda Farmers have improved maize yields from 1,000Kg/ha to 3,000-5,000 Kg/ha using the recommended technologies Maize is a major cereal grown and consumed in Uganda and in the countries
More informationGrowing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations
Growing Balaton - Horticultural Considerations Amy Iezzoni Dept. of Horticulture Michigan State University Jim Nugent District Horticulturist MSU Extension The fruit industry in Michigan has generations
More informationThe High Plains Dairy Conference does not support one product over another and any mention herein is meant as an example, not an endorsement.
Corn and Sorghum Silage Production Considerations Brent Bean, Professor and Texas AgriLife Extension Agronomist Amarillo Mark Marsalis, Associate Professor and NMSU Extension Agronomist Clovis Email: b-bean@tamu.edu
More informationHorticulture Information Leaflet 33-E
Department of Horticultural Science Horticulture Information Leaflet 33-E Revised 9/93 -- Author Reviewed 8/97 VEGETABLE CROP IRRIGATION Douglas C. Sanders, Extension Horticultural Specialist Distributed
More informationPart 1: Knowing how to identify the problem. Author: Damon Polta, Friendly Aquaponics Farm Manager. For free distribution.
Diseases, Deficiencies, and Toxicities in Plants Part 1: Knowing how to identify the problem. Author: Damon Polta, Friendly Aquaponics Farm Manager. For free distribution. Diseases Beet Western Yellow
More informationNumber 389 February 15, 2013
Number 389 February 15, 2013 1. When to take cattle off wheat pasture 2. Spring planting of alfalfa 3. Spring planting of spring oats 4. Winter Canola Risk Management Schools planned in February 5. Comparative
More informationWHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN?
WHAT IS WRONG WITH MY LAWN? Lawn problems can occur in small areas or larger patches and entire lawns can be affected. Sometimes the problems are due to poor growing conditions, improper lawn care practices,
More informationTHE SCIENCE THE FUTURE OF CANADIAN CANOLA: APPLY THE SCIENCE OF AGRONOMICS TO MAXIMIZE GENETIC POTENTIAL.
THE SCIENCE THE FUTURE OF CANADIAN CANOLA: APPLY THE SCIENCE OF AGRONOMICS TO MAXIMIZE GENETIC POTENTIAL. WHERE WE HAVE BEEN CANOLA PRODUCTION HAS SURPASSED THE INDUSTRY TARGET OF 15 MMT. This was achieved
More information"Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection
"Fingerprinting" Vegetables DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection Faster, Cheaper, More Reliable; These are some of the goals that vegetable breeders at seed companies and public institutions desire for
More informationFertilizer, Weed Control, Grubs, and General Application Questions
Lawn Care FAQ s Fertilizer, Weed Control, Grubs, and General Application Questions Why do we have so many weeds? Dandelions in particular, weeds in general, do not seem concerned about how long lawn has
More informationJeremiah K.S. Dung Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Oregon State University
Jeremiah K.S. Dung Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center Oregon State University Species of Pectobacterium and Dickeya Formerly known as soft rot Erwinias P. carotovorum subspecies P. atrosepticum
More informationEXPERIENCES ON TRANSFER OF MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT OF CHICKPEA IN TURKEY. Nevin AÇIKGÖZ
ANADOLU, J. of AARI 7 (1) 1997, 1-8 MARA EXPERIENCES ON TRANSFER OF MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGY FOR ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT OF CHICKPEA IN TURKEY Nevin AÇIKGÖZ Aegean Agricultural Research Institute POB. 9 Menemen,
More informationAsparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a
E-503 03-09 Easy Gardening ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS ASPARAGUS ASPAR Joseph Masabni, Assistant Professor and Extension Horticulturist, The Texas A&M University System Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a highly
More informationThe Orchid Grower. conditions, especially during vegetative growth. Temperature There are two distinct phases of phalaenopsis production: the vegeta-
PRODUCTION The Orchid Grower In the third article of this four-part series, find out how to cash in on orchids, the second hottest potted flowering plant in the United States. Figure 1. Symptoms of chilling
More informationStrawberry Production Basics: Matted Row
Strawberry Production Basics: Matted Row David T. Handley, Vegetable and Small Fruits Specialist University of Maine Cooperative Extension Highmoor Farm, P.O. Box 179, Monmouth, Maine 04259 (207) 933-2100
More informationINTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
C 1 H A P TE R INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completely studying this chapter, you should: Be able to define integrated pest management. Understand the importance of an economic
More informationChecking the Effectiveness of Pest Control Measures
Checking the Effectiveness of Pest Control Measures Chris Hayes, PhD (Tampa) SE Technical Sales Manager & Mexico chayes@bioworksinc.com Cell: 585-820-6807 6/15/2015 1 Thanks Cultivate 15 Thanks to YOU,
More informationigrow Soybeans Best Management Practices for Soybean Production
igrow Soybeans Best Management Practices for Soybean Production David E. Clay, C. Gregg Carlson, Sharon A. Clay, Larry Wagner, Darrell Deneke, Chris Hay Editors Recommended by - 2013 South Dakota Board
More informationCRANBERRY ETNA. Etna is a cranberry bean with early maturity, high yield potential and a large seed size.
SEMINIS DRY BEANS BLACK BEAN From black to pinto, the Seminis lineup has the beans you need to be competitive in the field and successful in the plant. Our breeders are dedicated to developing dry bean
More informationCorn and Soybean Production Calendar
COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, LEXINGTON, KY, 40546 ID-159 Corn and Soybean Production Calendar Chad Lee, James Herbek, Lloyd Murdock, Greg Schwab, J.D. Green,
More informationDry Bean Types and Development Stages
Dry Bean Types and Development Stages Two basic plant growth habits are found in dry edible bean: determinate (bush) or indeterminate (vining or trailing). Cultivars may be classified according to plant
More information2015 Kentucky Soybean Variety Performance Test Nomination Form University of Kentucky
2015 Kentucky Soybean Variety Performance Test Nomination Form University of Kentucky The Kentucky Soybean Variety Performance Tests are conducted to provide an unbiased and objective estimate of the relative
More informationNutrient and Fertilizer Value of Dairy Manure
Agriculture and Natural Resources FSA4017 Nutrient and Fertilizer Value of Dairy Manure Jodie A. Pennington Professor - Dairy and Goats Karl VanDevender Professor - Waste Management John A. Jennings Professor
More informationEarly Season Fungicide Applications. Document Classification: PUBLIC
Early Season Fungicide Applications Controlling Dollar Spot Dollar spot (Sclerotinia homeocarpa) is becoming an increasingly troublesome disease to control. Several key factors and changes in golf course
More information2014 Flax Weed Control Trial
2014 Flax Weed Control Trial Dr. Heather Darby, UVM Extension Agronomist Susan Monahan, Erica Cummings, Julian Post, and Sara Ziegler UVM Extension Crops and Soils Technicians 802-524-6501 Visit us on
More informationStrategies for management of soybean sudden death syndrome and white mold
2006 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University 105 Strategies for management of soybean sudden death syndrome and white mold X.B. Yang, Professor, Plant Pathology, Iowa State University
More information04-02. Evaluation of Foliar Fungicides for the Control of Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis) in SRWW in the Northern Texas Blacklands
04-02. Evaluation of oliar ungicides for the Control of Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis) in SRWW in the Northern Texas Blacklands COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT 2004 Donald J. Reid, Agronomist Texas A
More information8.4 L FUNGICIDE NET CONTENTS: Contains Iprodione For Control of Diseases in Canola WARNING: SKIN AND EYE IRRITANT
FUNGICIDE NET CONTENTS: 8.4 L Contains Iprodione For Control of Diseases in Canola AGRICULTURAL GUARANTEE: Iprodione........ 240 g/l Contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one at 0.014% as a preservative REGISTRATION
More informationRegulatory Measures for Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) Management in Kenya
Regulatory Measures for Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) Management in Kenya James Onsando (PhD) Managing Director Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS) www.kephis.org Operations at KEPHIS
More informationUNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE ON-FARM SOYBEAN DRYING AND STORAGE
UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EXTENSION COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE Media Contact: Dr. Sammy Sadaka, PE Assistant Professor & Extension Engineer Phone: 501-671-2298 Fax:
More informationOutline. What is IPM Principles of IPM Methods of Pest Management Economic Principles The Place of Pesticides in IPM
Improving Control Systems in Thailand for Plant and Plants Products Intended for Export to the European Union co-funded by the European Union and Thai Department of Agriculture Preharvest Use of Pesticides
More informationPOTASSIUM. Functions of Potassium in Plants. Potassium Deficiency Symptoms
POTASSIUM Potassium is the last of what might be called the big three soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These three primary nutrients are, by far, the nutrients most commonly limiting
More informationForage Bermudagrass: Selection, Establishment and Management. Introduction
E-179 4-03 Forage Bermudagrass: Selection, Establishment and Management Charles Stichler and David Bade, Extension Agronomists The Texas A&M University System Introduction In April of 1943, with the introduction
More informationCOTTON PICKER MANAGEMENT AND HARVESTING EFFICIENCY
COTTON PICKER MANAGEMENT AND HARVESTING EFFICIENCY With good crop and machinery management, favorable weather conditions, and good ginning practices, most cotton from the first picking should grade very
More informationHumidtropics Kiboga/Kyankwanzi Soybean production training
Humidtropics Kiboga/Kyankwanzi Soybean production training Makerere University and Humidtropics collaboration Soybean Seed production Training of Kiboga-Kyankwanzi platform members in Soybean Seed Production
More informationRain on Planting Protection. Help Guide
Rain on Planting Protection Help Guide overview Rain on Planting Protection allows growers to protect themselves from losses if rain prevents planting from being completed on schedule. Coverage is highly
More informationROCKY MOUNTAIN CERTIFIED CROP ADVISER. Local Performance Objectives For Exams and Continuing Education Programs
ROCKY MOUNTAIN CERTIFIED CROP ADVISER Local Performance Objectives For Exams and Continuing Education Programs Montana and Wyoming Agricultural Business Associations Montana and Wyoming Departments of
More informationCommon Diseases of Leafy Greens
ANR-1189 Common Diseases of Leafy Greens Production of leafy greens in Alabama and the Southeast can be affected by a variety of plant diseases. Damage can range from minor spotting on leaves to complete
More informationThree important fungal leaf spot diseases, tan spot,
PP-1249 (Revised) Plant Disease Management NDSU Extension Service Fungal Leaf Spot Diseases of Wheat: Tan spot, Stagonospora nodorum blotch and Septoria tritici blotch Marcia McMullen Extension Plant Pathologist,
More informationAgricultural Pest Control Plants Learning Objectives
Category 1A: Agricultural Pest Control Plants Agricultural Pest Control Plants Learning Objectives After studying this section, you should be able to: Describe some of the most common insect pests of agricultural
More informationOntario Horticulture Research Priority Report 2015
Ontario Horticulture Research Priority Report 2015 Contents Introduction 1 Approach 1 Edible Horticulture 3 Sector Consultation 3 Evolution of the Process 3 Edible Horticulture Research Priority Shortlist
More informationEstimated Costs of Crop. Production in Iowa - 2016 File A1-20 The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, Ag Decision Maker
Estimated Costs of Crop Ag Decision Maker Production in Iowa - 2016 File A1-20 The estimated costs of corn, corn silage, soybeans, alfalfa, and pasture maintenance in this report are based on data from
More informationCrop Profile for Radishes in Ohio
Prepared: December, 1999 (Cruciferae: Raphanus sativus) Crop Profile for Radishes in Ohio General Production Information Acres in Ohio: 2,130 (5) - 100% for fresh market Percent of US Acreage/Rank: 8.87%/3rd
More informationSoybean Physiology: How Well Do You Know Soybeans?
Soybean Physiology: How Well Do You Know Soybeans? Shaun Casteel, Purdue University Soybean Extension Specialist www.soybeanstation.org 2010-11, Purdue University - 1 Vegetative Growth Stages Reproductive
More information