Read the following questions below before reading the article. Then, read the article in order to answer the questions.

Transcription

1 Reading 1: Animals Cloned (25 minutes / 25 points) Read the following questions below before reading the article. Then, read the article in order to answer the questions. 1. Where would you find this reading? Check one. a newspaper an academic journal _ a magazine a novel Skill I 5 2. Where would you find the answers to the following questions in the text? Match the number of the paragraph with the information. (5) 4 How old was the baby who received the baboon s heart? 5 Why are scientists investigating pigs as possible organ donors? 11_ Why does the cloning of animals make people afraid? 9 How is ACT creating embryos? 2 What medical benefits may come from Dolly s creation? 3. What is the main idea of the article? Check one. The author reports that human cloning will occur in the near future. Skill I 6, P3 The author reports that people support research in animal cloning but not human cloning. In spite of its medical potential with animals, the author reports that cloning technology raises concerns about human cloning. Skill I 7 4. Complete the following flowchart representing the stages involved in Dolly s creation. Skill U 14 Step 1: nuclei of cells are taken from adult sheep Step 2: nuclei injected into sheep s egg Step 3: cloned egg carried by adult sheep Step 4: Dolly is born GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 1

2 5. True or False. According to the reading, Dolly, and other cloned sheep like her, will clearly benefit medical science. Check one. True _ False Skill U What is one example of a transplant procedure discussed in the reading and why did it fail? (3) a baboon s heart was transplanted to a baby rejection or greater size Skill I 6 7. Under the headings below, list the pros and cons of using pigs organs in human transplant surgery. (4) Pros Cons larger organs further from humans so viruses have less of a chance of making people sick special sugar Skill U What are stem cells and why are they unique? cells that can be cloned and have the ability to develop into various forms of tissue Skill U How might ACT s research avoid the present problems with organ transplants? Check one The organs grown from stem cells taken from monkeys will be smaller and more human-like. The stem cell technology can be used on humans to one day produce human organs. The stem cells can produce any cell that is needed, such as brain cells or liver cells. Skill U 14 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2

3 10. According to the author, what is the main concern about advancing this kind of technology? It may lead to the cloning of human beings Skill S According to the author, what are two reasons for why some people feel the creators of Dolly have gone too far? anybody can do it because the equipment is available, some people might not be as ethical Skill U Look back at your answer to question #3. Do you still agree with your answer? Skill I 7 YES NO (1 point depending on answer in question # 3) THIS IS THE END OF READING 1 3

4 Listening (20 minutes / 35 points) During this part of the test, you will hear a lecture about cloning. The lecture will be played only once. You must answer the questions while you are listening to the lecture. The questions follow the sequence of the lecture. Do not stop to rewrite your answers during the listening. At the end of the lecture, you will have 5 minutes to go over your answers. Take 3 minutes now to read over the questions before listening to the lecture. ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS WHILE LISTENING TO THE LECTURE. 1. What is the topic of the lecture? Check one. Skill I 2 A history of stem cell research and the media controversy that surrounds it. _ The misrepresentation of the media and current stem cell research. A description of stem cell research and possible medical advancements. 2. According to the lecturer, there is complete agreement regarding what a stem cell is. Check one.. Skill I 5 YES _ NO 3. What is a unique ability of stem cells? Skill U 15 ability to become any number of different kinds of cells depending on the environment 4. What is differentiation? the process by which stem cells become specialized Skill P1 5. According to the lecturer, stem cell research has been used with which of the following research participants? Check those that you hear. (3) adults Skill I 8 mice liver patients leukemia patients monkeys GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 4

5 6. According to the lecture, is the following statement true or false? Stem cell research is advanced enough to begin using for the treatment of human illnesses. Skill U16 True False 7. Which reason does the lecturer give to support the statement that stem cell research is the most talked about research area in medical science? the possibilities are endless 8. Complete the table below on how stem cells are created. (6) The Process of Stem Cell Creation Skill U17 Stage 1: Scientists begin with an unfertilized egg Stage 2: the egg is treated with chemicals electricity Stage 3: the egg becomes an embryo Stage 4: Once the embryo is 4 or 5 days old, _the stem cells are taken Stage 5: Embryos are discarded / thrown away and stem cells continually _multiply / reproduce Skill U15 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 5

6 9. According to the lecturer, where have adult stem cells been located? Check those that you hear. (5) dental pulp bone marrow Skill U15 _ blood liver tissue _ brain cells skin fat in liposuction saliva 10. Complete the chart comparing and contrasting embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. (4) Embryonic Stem Cells Similarities can differentiate into different cells may cure disease Differences can develop into any type of cell are relatively easy to produce can multiply continuously Adult Stem Cells can differentiate into different cells may cure diseases don t know if possible more difficult to find / rare don t multiply/ difficult to work with / smaller quantities Skill S Complete the chart below. Disease Cause Possible effect of stem cells diabetes problems with pancreas / insulin new pancreatic cells can replace damaged cells in the pancreas Skill S Name two other diseases that may be cured by stem cells in the future. Any two: Parkinson s disease, heart disease, kidney or liver problems, cancer Skill I 8 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 6

7 13. According to the speaker, what would happen if a scientifically created embryo were implanted in a womb? would produce a cloned being Skill U According to the speaker, why is the United States trying to ban all cloning? Check one. because there is little value in this research for humans because this research may lead to the cloning of humans because this research is too costly and time consuming Skill U According to the lecturer, what will the next reading be about? the debate of using stem cells Skill U 14 THIS IS THE END OF THE LISTENING SECTION YOU NOW HAVE FIVE MINUTES TO CHECK YOUR ANSWERS 7

8 Reading 2: Cloning and Stem Cell Research (25 minutes / 25 points) Read the following questions below before reading the article. Then, read the article in order to answer the questions. 1. What do you think this article is about? Check one. the development of legislation that addresses cloning and stem cell research the way the media presents research developments in cloning and stem cell research issues in the ethical debate regarding cloning and stem cell research the costs and benefits of cloning stem cells Skill P 1 2. In which paragraph does the author state his purpose for the article? the first one 3. What is the purpose of paragraphs 2 and 3? they give a history of cloning Skill P 1 Skill U Complete the table below regarding past cloning and stem cell research. (3) Date Experiment or Event 1902 experiments with salamander embryos 1930 developed a reproductive process 1960 the term clone was used 1997 Dolly was created

9 5. According to the reading, is the statement below true or false? Check one. Early geneticists were in agreement regarding the ethical consequences of cloning. True _ False Skill S According to the author, what are two reasons that most people reject the reproductive cloning of humans? complicate human relationships and enormous social ramifications Skill U 13, I 7 7. What is the difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning? therapeutic cloning does not involve reproduction of an entire living entity 8. What are the 4 main issues that the author discusses regarding the debate on therapeutic cloning? (4) Skill S 23 use of embryos use of adult stem cells Skill U 18 egg trade encouragement of reproductive cloning 9. Complete the table of arguments for and against the scientific creation of embryos for research purposes. Skill S22 (3) For Embryos are not embryos but activated eggs Against creation of human life for research wrong killing of embryos could use already created embryos from in vitro fertilization

10 10. What are two reasons why adult stem cells are not as promising as embryonic stem cells, according to the author? Skill S 19 Any two: have not shown ability to transform, rarity, or inability to multiply 11. What argument is given in the text to support the idea that there is little difference between an embryo and an adult stem cell? Skill I 9 both have potential to create a human 12. Complete the chart below on the cause and possible effects of purchasing eggs from women for stem cell research. Cause Potential Effect women take fertility drugs to health risks produce enough eggs for research Cause Effect women are paid for these services eggs become a financial commodity Skill S According to the author, why do people feel that therapeutic cloning will encourage reproductive cloning? Check your answer. because therapeutic cloning will lead to technology that can be easily adapted to reproductive cloning because reproductive cloning is less costly than therapeutic cloning and therefore a more attractive area of research because regulating embryos once they are created will be too difficult, especially in other countries THIS IS THE END OF READING 2 Skill I 9