Personality I. Psychoanalytic Perspective II. Trait Perspective III. Humanistic Perspective IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective V. Personality Assessment

Transcription

1 Personality I. Psychoanalytic Perspective II. Trait Perspective III. Humanistic Perspective IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective V. Personality Assessment

2 I. Psychoanalytic Perspective

3 Conclusions Freud Drew after Studying Conversion Disorder There is an unconscious. There are active processes of defense and repression. Childhood sexuality is very important.

4 Psychoanalytic Personality Concepts Levels of Awareness Conscious Preconscious Un/Subconscious Personality Structures Id (pleasure principle) Ego (reality principle Superego (morality principle)

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6 Conflict, Anxiety, & Defense Anxiety: a warning signal that something bad is about to happen Anxiety signals the ego to use defenses Anxiety ~ air raid siren warning of an impending air attack Ego defenses ~ anti-aircraft guns designed to combat the enemy planes

7 Ego Defense Mechanisms Repression (The master defense):blocking mental content from conscious awareness Regression Reaction Formation Projection Rationalization Displacement Sublimation

8 Personality Development Freud also had a stage model of psychosexual development (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, & Genital) Getting stuck in one of these stages is called fixation More about an important stage: The Phallic Stage & the Oedipus & Electra Complexes Identification resolves the conflict and results in the formation of the superego

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10 II. Trait Perspective

11 The Five- Factor Theory Click here Click here Click here Click here Click here

12 Eysenck s Simpler Model Emotionally Unstable (neurotic) Eysenck s Theory of Personality Click here Click here Introverted Extraverted Click here Click here Emotionally Stable introversion extraversion neuroticism emotional stability

13 III. Humanistic Perspective

14 inherent goodness of people healthy personality development Humanistic Perspective self-awareness and free will human potential for psychological growth

15 Key Humanistic Concepts Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.) Self-Esteem: One s feelings of high or low selfworth (How do you feel about your selfconcept?)

16 Rogers Fully-Functioning Person Trust their feelings/intuitions Experience feelings intensely & deeply Accept and express all feelings Less likely to conform to social roles Present focused Honest & open Open to and learn from experience Constantly developing & growing Oriented towards fully living life Show care and concern for others Creative

17 Factors Contributing to Psychological Health Unconditional Positive Regard/Acceptance In contrast to Conditional Positive Regard Empathy Genuineness

18 IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective

19 Reciprocal Determinism Social-cognitive perspective; personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, our environment, and our behavior

20 Personal Control Locus of Control (Rotter) Internal versus external Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

21 V. Personality Assessment MMPI Projective Tests

22 MMPI Example of an empirically derived test Questions earn their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc )

23 Simulated MMPI Items

24 Simulated MMPI Items

25 MMPI Clinical Scales

26 MMPI Clinical Scales

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29 Projective Tests Assume that people will reveal their (unconscious) personalities when they interpret ambiguous stimuli. Examples: Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test

30 What might this be?

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32 Can someone tell a story about what s going on in this picture?

33 Psychological Disorders I. What Is a Mental Disorder? II. History of Mental Disorders III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior IV. Classifying Mental Disorders V. Anxiety Disorders VI. Mood Disorders VII.Dissociative Disorders VIII.Schizophrenia

34 I. What Is a Mental Disorder?

35 The Three Ds of Abnormal Behavior Distress (disturbing) Dysfunction (maladaptive, unjustifiable) Deviance (atypical)

36 II. History of Mental Disorders A. Demonic Possession

37 Trephination

38 II. History of Mental Disorders A. Demonic Possession B. Biological Perspective C. Psychological Perspective Modern theorists combine the last two approaches with a social approach to create the bio-psycho-social perspective on mental disorders

39 III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior

40 IV. Classifying Mental Disorders

41 V. Anxiety Disorders A. Phobias B. Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) C. Panic Disorder D. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) E. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

42 VI. Mood Disorders A. Major Depressive Disorder 1. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) B. Dysthymic Disorder C. Bipolar Disorder D. Cyclothymic Disorder

43 Symptoms of Depression (5/9 symptoms for at least 2 weeks) Depressed mood Weight loss/gain Motor agitation or impairment Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Change in sleep Concentration impairment Thoughts of death or suicide Loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities

44 Symptoms of Mania Elevated, expansive or irritable mood for at least 1 week, plus at least three of the following: Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity More talkative or pressure to keep talking Flight of ideas or racing thoughts Increase in goal-directed activity Excessive involvement in potentially dangerous activities

45 VII. Dissociative Disorders Dissociation ~ forgetting or memory impairment Most well known dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, a.k.a. multiple personality disorder)

46 VIII. Schizophrenia A. Positive Symptoms 1. Delusions 2. Hallucinations 3. Disorganized sensations, thinking, speech, & behavior B. Negative Symptoms 1. Flat Affect 2. Lack of Speech 3. Lack of Motivation

47 Therapies & Treatments I. Psychoanalysis II. Humanistic Therapies III. Cognitive Therapies IV. Behavior Therapy V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapies VI. Psychotherapy Effectiveness VII.Biomedical Therapies

48 I. Psychoanalysis

49 Ways of Accessing the Unconscious Free Association Dream Interpretation Material in dreams is symbolic; dreams allow unconscious wish fulfillment Transference Client relates to therapist as if therapist were a significant person from the client s past (mother, father, sibling) Interpretations

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51 II. Humanistic Therapies Client-Center Therapy (Carl Rogers) Unconditional positive regard/acceptance Empathy Genuineness

52 III. Cognitive Therapies Aaron Beck: Cognitive Therapy Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)

53 IV. Behavior Therapy Classical Conditioning Systematic desensitization: teach people relaxation skills and then gradually expose them to anxiety-evoking situations Operant Conditioning Token economies

54 V. Couple, Family, & Group Therapy

55 VI. Additional Thought on Psychotherapy

56 Common Factors of Psychotherapy Hope A New Perspective/Explanation An Empathic, Trusting Relationship

57 VII. Biomedical Therapies Medications

58 Antianxiety Medications Benzodiazapines (e.g., Valium, Xanex) Highly addictive, withdrawal unpleasant Increase GABA to decrease brain activity Non-benzodiazapines (e.g., Buspar) Fewer side effects Unclear how it works

59 Antidepressant Medications Tricyclic Antidepressants MAOIs (a.k.a., MAO Inhibitors) SSRIs (e.g., Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft) Prevent reuptake of serotonin Lithium Used to treat mania Not technically an antidepressant

60 Antipsychotic Medications Used to treat the psychotic symptoms associated with disorders such as schizophrenia

61 Other Biomedical Treatments ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) rtms (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) Deep brain stimulation Psychosurgery Therapeutic Lifestyle Change

62 Therapeutic Lifestyle Change (TLC) Aerobic Exercise (30 minutes/day, at least 3 times/week) Adequate sleep (at least 7-8 hours/night) Light exposure (30 minutes each morning) Social connection (at least 2 meaningful social engagements/week) Anti-rumination (identifying and redirecting negative thoughts Nutritional supplements (fish oil supplements with omega-3 fatty acids)