Fact Sheet: African Elephant Loxodonta africana. In the Wild

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1 Fact Sheet: African Elephant Loxodonta africana Description: Size: o Height: Males: up to 12 ft (3.66 m) Females: up to 9 ft (2.75 m) Weight: o Males: up to 14,000 lbs o Females: up to 9,000 lbs Sexual dimorphism: Males larger than females Physical Description: African elephants are the heaviest and the second tallest land animal on earth. They have very large ears, measuring up to 4 feet across. Their unique nose is prehensile and very strong, and is usually about 5 feet long and weighs about 300 lbs. On the tip of the trunk, there are two projections that are used to pick up small objects. Two of their teeth are modified into large tusks. Coloration: Dark grey skin with sparse black hair. In the Wild Habitat and Range: Geographic range- Historically found throughout Central and East Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. Populations are now fragmented through its former range. Preferred Habitat- marsh, savannah, woodlands, and semi-desert. Diet: Herbivorous o Eats the leaves, roots, stems and fruit of various plants o During the rainy season, elephants eat a lot of grasses and herbs such as papyrus and cat tails. o During the dry season, they eat leaves collected from thorny trees and bushes, such as acacia. Elephants can eat up to 660 lbs of food a day, and drink up to 50 gallons of water. Adaptations: Trunk o Responsible for feeding, watering, sound production, defense and dust bathing o Modified nose & upper lip, has approximately 150,000 different muscles o Strong enough to lift things up to 600 lbs, yet dexterous enough to pick up something as small as a single blade of grass. o Functions much like human arm, can scratch, push, pull, lift, feel, smell o Sense of smell is better than any breed of dog Teeth

2 o 4 teeth in mouth: 2 molars on the top, 2 on the bottom o Each tooth about the size of a brick o Each has a flat surface to chew hay & grass (herbivorous diet) o Cycle through 6 sets of teeth in a lifetime Tusks o Modified teeth (incisors) made of ivory o Used for digging, chipping bark off trees, defense o Ivory in tusks very valuable - the reason many elephants have been killed Feet o Highly specialized o Heavily padded o Walk on tiptoe - padding functions as shock absorber o Can hear sounds in the ground with their feet, especially low frequency calls of other elephants, often from several miles away. Skin o Very thick in some spots, very thin in others and wrinkled o Wrinkles provide increased surface area for dispersing heat o Gray, but since they cover themselves with dirt (dust bathe), they appear to be the color of the dirt where they live o Splash cool mud all over body to help keep skin cool and to protect from sun and insects Ears o Very large, containing many blood vessels. As an elephant flaps its ears, the blood in the ear cools off and then circulates throughout the body, lowering body temperature. o All the blood in an elephant s body passes through the ears roughly every 20 minutes Lifespan: Average of 45 years, but can live into their 60s. Social Structure: In general, older, experienced females lead elephant families (matriarchal herds). Female herd members are usually related but occasionally non-related individuals join to form families. Female family members often stay together for their entire lives Young bulls leave family groups as they mature. Bulls are sometimes solitary in adulthood but at times associate in bachelor groups and are in chemosensory (scent) and infrasonic (below range of human hearing) communication with other elephants in their area. Adult bulls usually associate with matriarchal herds for breeding purposes only. Ecosystem relationships: Predators: Adult elephants are seldom preyed upon due to their sheer size and strength. Herds are protective of the sick, injured and young elephants, making them difficult to

3 take down as well. Lions, hyenas, and crocodiles occasionally attempt to go after weak or young elephants that are left unguarded. Interspecies competitors: elephants compete with other herbivores in the African savannah for food and water, especially during the dry season when both are in short supply. Role/ Niche: Aside from humans, African Elephants have the biggest impact on their environment on earth. They can completely change the landscape of a habitat by feeding, by uprooting or stripping bark from trees, trample the ground through their movements and spread seeds over great distances in their dung. They can also dig holes in riverbeds looking for water in the dry season, and in doing so; they provide water to many other animals. Many other animals and plants are adapted to living in the conditions that elephants create. Reproduction: Breeding season: no specific mating season. Elephants are more likely to mate in the rainy season when food and water is more abundant. Behavior: African elephants are polygynous. Males search for reproductive females by scent, and usually only the oldest, strongest males get to mate with the females in a herd. Herds are usually comprised of related females, and they participate in cooperative rearing of the calves when born. Gestation: longest gestation of any animal- about months on average Litter/ Offspring: usually a single calf per birth, but twins are possible. Calves weigh from lbs when born, and are precocial, being able to move around and follow their mothers soon after birth. Maturation: Baby elephants are weaned at about 4-6 years old. Young elephants become reproductively mature at around years of age, but most males do not get the opportunity to mate until they are much older. Activity: African elephants can be active at any time, day or night. Conservation Status and Threats: Listed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable. CITES: Listed under appendix I, which bans the trade of any part of the animal. Threats: o Poaching Despite an international ban on the ivory trade passed in 1989, African elephants are still heavily poached to this day for the black market ivory trade o Habitat loss Much of the African elephant s original habitat has been lost to desertification, subsidence farming, and ranching. African elephants once ranged freely from south of the Sahara Desert to northern South Africa. Today, they are mostly confined to parks and reserves

4 Their habitat is now very fragmented, which will cause genetic problems from a lack of diversity in the breeding population. Conservation efforts: o There are many different elephant reserves and protected areas in East Africa which help protect elephants from poaching. o The trade of Ivory has been banned internationally, but the demand is still high. Many local governments are now banning the trade of pre-1989 Ivory in an effort to reduce the demand. o Elephant populations are declining in some areas, while locally overpopulated in others. The greatest threats to elephants in the wild are habitat destruction, the continued illegal trade in ivory and the increase or encroachment of human populations. One strategy to reconnect elephants natural migratory routes links protected areas together by creating habitat corridors, allowing elephant populations to mix and potentially decrease human/elephant conflict. o Elephant conservation is extremely complex and must take into account both human and animal needs. Negative elephant/human interactions include crop loss, human fatalities, and damage to houses and other constructions. Positive interactions include ecotourism, especially when the local community benefits from the tourist revenues. Seeing elephants in their natural environment may create inspirational experiences that foster positive attitudes towards elephants. Creative solutions to human/elephant conflicts must involve the local people and benefit them as well as elephants. At the Zoo Felix (female) ο History is not well known to us and we may never know ο Born 1983 ο Wild caught at a young age ο Weight approximately 7,100 pounds and is about 7 ½ feet at the shoulder ο Arrived at MZ in December 2007 from Riddle s, an independently managed nonprofit elephant facility near Greenbrier, Arkansas; before that, Felix was utilized in the entertainment industry ο Born without tusks; this is unusual for an African elephant but it is known to occur Samson (male) ο Male, born at MZ on March 19, 2008 ο Weighed 290 lbs at birth; 42 inches tall at the shoulder ο Mother is Felix; father is one of two males that mated with Felix at Riddle s we don t know which bull is the father Anna (female) ο Born ~ 1975, probably in South Africa ο Wild caught at a young age, possibly orphaned by poachers or in a culling ο Arrived at MZ in 1983 from a small zoo in New Jersey ο Weighs approx lb, is about 9 ft tall at the shoulder ο Taller, flatter back

5 Tuffy (male) ο History is not well known to us and we may never know ο Born 1984 ο Wild caught at a young age ο Weighs approximately 9,500 pounds and is about 10 feet at the shoulder ο Arrived at MZ in December 2007 from Riddle s, an independently managed nonprofit elephant facility near Greenbrier, Arkansas; before that, Tuffy was utilized in the entertainment industry ο Tuffy s tusks were removed when he was younger; we do not know the circumstances What We Can Do Do not purchase any ivory products. Even though some ivory is legal to own, the use and trade of these objects further increases the demand for black market ivory, which is poached from elephants. Make environmentally responsible lifestyle decisions to help conserve habitat conserve energy and resources. Support the conservation efforts of local organizations like The Maryland Zoo as well as organizations working in the field to protect wildlife and conserve habitat, such as the 96 Elephants organization, the Elephants for Africa organization and The International Elephant Foundation. o 96 Elephants: An extensive campaign focusing on ending the illegal poaching of elephants and curbing the illegal ivory trade spearheaded by Wildlife Conservation Society. o Elephants for Africa: Elephants for Africa is a small charity that is committed to protecting the endangered African elephant. EFA conducts research to understand the ecological and social requirements of African elephants, and puts these into the context of human-wildlife conflict. They currently work in Botswana and South Africa, with local and international researchers, to deliver scientific data to local decision makers and they also run education programs that focus on developing the conservation leaders of the future. Dr. Kate Evans, founder of EFA, has maintained a long partnership with the Elephant Managers Association and The Maryland Zoo in Baltimore s elephant program and receives support through both funding and from the sharing of information and collaborating on research projects to better understand the threats to African elephants in the range countries. o The International Elephant Foundation: The mission of the IEF is to support and operate elephant conservation and education programs both in managed facilities and in the wild, with an emphasis on management, protection and scientific research. The organization is recognized by, among others, the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), the Morris Animal Foundation and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as a premier conservation organization. Since 1999, IEF has provided support to over 80 elephant conservation projects worldwide and over $3 million in direct financial assistance.

6 References: nds-exhibit-interpreters/ - African Elephant Information (2012 zone document)

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