Biology 201-Worksheet on Nervous System-Brain and Spinal Cord (Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!)

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1 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 1 April 6, 2011 Biology 201-Worksheet on Nervous System-Brain and Spinal Cord (Answers are in your power point outlines-there is no key!) 1. Answer the following question about the embryological development of the nervous system. a. A thickening along the dorsal length of a 17 day embryo is called the: b. The area in question a gives rise to: c. The midline of the neural plate invaginates to become and the elevated sides are called:. d. When the neural folds meet a is formed. e. Where, in the early embryo, does most of the PNS originate? f. The lumen of the neural tube becomes the of the spinal cord and the of the brain. g. By the 4 th week of development, 3 swellings at the anterior end called form. h. These 3 swellings are called: i. By the 5 th week of development, 5 swellings called: form. j. The prosencephalon divides into an anterior and a posterior. k. The rhombencephalon divides into an anterior and a posterior. l. Which vesicle remains undivided? 2. What is the purpose of understanding these 5 embryonic brain regions? 3. What parts of the brain are considered brainstem? 4. List the 3 meninges from outermost to innermost. 5. Describe the structure and composition of the dura mater. 6. What is the function of dural sinuses and where do we find these structures? 7. Where are the three listed structures located and what is their function? a. falx cerebri b. falx cerebelli c. tentorium cerebelli 8. Describe the structure and composition of the arachnoid layer. 9. What are arachnoid villi and what function do they serve? 10. Describe the structure and composition of the pia mater layer. 11. What are choroid plexi and what function do they serve? 12. What is meningitis and what often causes this condition? 13. How much cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced each day and how much circulates at any one instant? Day Instant

2 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 2 April 6, Describe the pattern of CSF circulation from where it is formed to where it returns to the main circulation? 15. Describe the properties of CSF and give 3 functions for this substance. 16. What is and what causes hydrocephalus? 17. What is the structural composition of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and what is its purpose? 18. List 4 substances that pass easily across the BBB? _ 19. List 4 substances that are excluded by the BBB? 20. What are circumventricular organs (CVOʼs) and what is their function? 21. Answer the questions regarding ventricles from the information provided. a. What is the specific location of the 4 th ventricle? b. How is the 3 rd ventricle connected to the 4 th ventricle? c. Where is the 3 rd ventricle specifically located? d. What structure connects the lateral ventricles to the 3 rd ventricle? e. Where are the lateral ventricles specifically located? f. What structure connects the 4 th ventricle to the spinal cord? 22. List the missing spaces associated with the meninges listed. Dura mater Arachnoid layer Pia mater 23. Describe and tell where the following surface of the brain structures are found. a. transverse fissure b. longitudinal fissure c. Sulci or sulcus d. Gyri or gyrus e. Central sulcus f. Lateral sulcus g. Precentral gyrus h. Postcentral gyrus i. Cerebral cortex j. Cerebellar cortex 24. List the 3 layers of the cerebrum from outermost to innermost layers. 25. List and give the locations of the 5 cerebral lobes. Name Location Name Location Name Location Name Location Name Location 26. What are pyramidal cells? Describe where they originate and also where they terminate.

3 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 3 April 6, Where is the primary motor cortex? What functional process takes place here? What is a key cell type found here? 28. What does the statement, innervation to body parts is proportional to motor units, not muscle size mean? _ 29. Where is the premotor cortex? What functional process takes place here? 30. Where is Brocaʼs area? What functional process takes place here? 31. Where is the prefrontal cortex? What functional processes take place here? 32. Where is the somatosensory cortex? What functional processes take place here? 33. Where Wernickʼs area? What functional processes take place here? 34. What is the gustatory cortex? Where is it located? 35. What is the visual cortex? Where is it located? 36. What is the insula? Where is it located? 37. Identify the lobe where the listed structures are found. a. visual cortex b. gustatory cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. somatosensory cortex e. Brocaʼs area f. Premotor cortex g. Wernickʼs area h. Primary motor cortex i. Auditory cortex 38. What is cerebral lateralization? 39. List 3 functions associated with the left and right hemispheres. Left Right Left Right Left Right 40. A graphical recording of the brainʼs electrical activity is called: 41. List 4 kinds of brain waves: 42. Identify the kind of tract based on the description provided. a. connect lobes and gyri of each hemisphere to each other b. Cross from one hemisphere to the other. c. Extend vertically from brain to spinal cord.

4 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 4 April 6, 2011 d. Corpus callosum. e. Anterior and posterior commissures. 43. What are the cerebral nuclei (basal ganglia)? Where are they located? What do they control? 44. List the 3 regions of the diencephalon. 45. What structure or space divides the diencephalon into two halves? 46. Identify the parts of the diencephalon based on the information provided. a. Superior portion of diencephalon; forms roof of 3 rd ventricle. b. ANS control center. c. Cardiovascular center. d. Gateway to the cerebral cortex. e. 80% of diencephalon. f. Bordered ventrally by the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies. g. Thermoregulation centers. h. Memory, swallowing, and licking reflexes. i. Subconscious control of specific muscle groups involved in facial expressions of rage. j. Provides crude awareness of sensory information without ability to localize. k. Cone-shaped mass extending from epithalamus. l. Neuroendocrine function. m. Extends from hypothalamus and has specific endocrine functions. n. Resides in the sella turcica of sphenoid bone. o. Another name for anterior pituitary. p. Another name for posterior pituitary. q. Brain sand found here. 47. Identify the parts if the mesencephalon based on the information provided. a. Bulges on anterior surface that hold pyramidal tracts. b. Inhibitory signals to cerebral nuclei and thalamus; degeneration of neurons leads to Parkinsonʼs disease. c. Upper rounded bodies that function in tracking moving objects with your head and eyes. d. This space with CSF runs through midbrain. e. Lower rounded bodies that function in auditory reflexes such as turning of head to a sound. f. Cluster of cell bodies that are highly vascular; housed within tegmentum. 48. What are the two main regions of the metencephalon? 49. Identify the parts of the metencephalon based on the information provided. a. Most of which ventricle resides here? b. Rounded bulge on ventral/anterior surface. c. Two respiratory centers found here. d. Contains motor and sensory tracts connecting medulla with midbrain. e. Midsection of cerebellum. f. Folds on surface of cerebellum. g. One of main cell types in cerebellum. h. Inner, highly branched, white matter area. i. Connects two hemispheres of cerebellum through middle cerebellar peduncles.

5 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 5 April 6, 2011 j. Another name for middle cerebellar peduncles. k. Connects cerebellum to medulla and spinal cord. l. Connects cerebellum with midbrain and eventually motor areas of cerebral cortex. m. Fissure that separates from cerebrum. n. Dura mater extension that fills this fissure in ʻmʼ. 50. List 4 functions of the cerebrellum. 51. Identify the parts of the myelencephalon based on the information provided. a. Main section; last 3 cm of brainstem. b. Bulges on anterior surface housing corticospinal tracts. c. Internal area where pyramids cross. d. Enlargement on lateral surface; relay center for info he4aded to cerebellum from spinal cord. e. Center that adjusts rate and force of heart beat. f. Center that adjusts blood vessel diameter. g. Centers that control rate and depth of breathing. h. Nuclei in posterior tract for sensory information. i. Matter on outer surface. j. Matter internally. 52. Answer these questions regarding the pyramids. a. Name of the tracts found here. b. Are they sensory or motor? c. Are they ascending or descending? d. Where are the cell bodies found for these tracts? e. Where do the axons for these tracts terminate? f. Specific cell type making up these tracts. 53. Are stroke victims always going to have loss of function on the opposite side of the body from where the brain is damaged? Why or why not? 54. List 7 nuclei found in the medulla where basic body functions are synapsed. 55. Give a general description of the reticular formation as well as a general description of its functions. 56. A loop of cortical structures surrounding the deep brain; also called the emotional brain. 57. What is the function of the hippocampus? 58. What is the function of the amygdala? 59. What is the relationship of the prefrontal cortex to the limbic system?

6 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 6 April 6, 2011 Spinal Cord 60. List the key spaces and meninges surrounding the spinal cord from outermost to innermost. 61. Identify the structure or space surrounding the spinal cord based on the information provided. a. Space filled with blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose areolar CT. b. Space where a spinal tap takes CSF. c. Lateral membranous extensions of pia mater. d. Site of injection for anesthetics. 62. Questions about spinal cord gross anatomy. a. Enlargement supplies nerves to pelvic girdles and lower limbs. b. Inferior end of cord where it tapers into a cone. c. Slender strand of fibrous CT anchoring conus medullaris to 2 nd sacral vertebra. d. Diameter of spinal cord. e. Length of spinal cord. f. Mass of nerves resembling a horseʼs tail. g. How many pair of spinal nerves? h. Enlargement supplies nerves to shoulder girdles and upper limbs. i. Matter on outer surface. j. Matter internally. 63. Questions about spinal cord cross-sectional anatomy. a. Shape of internal matter. b. White matter is composed of? c. Gray matter is composed of? d. Unmyelinated area of spinal cord. e. Myelinated area of spinal cord. f. Horizontal bar of gray matter. g. Opening in the middle of spinal cord. h. Upper section of gray matter; sensory neurons enter here. i. Middle section of gray matter where ANS cell bodies are found. j. Lower section of gray matter where somatic motor neuron cell bodies are found. k. Structure immediately outside cord housing incoming sensory neurons. l. Structure immediately outside cord housing outgoing motor neurons. m. Where cell bodies of sensory neurons are found. n. Where dorsal and ventral roots join. 64. List and describe two main functions of the spinal cord. 65. For the tracts listed below, name the white column where they are located, where the cell bodies originate, and where the axons terminate. a. Anterior corticospinal b. Lateral corticospinal c. Posterior spinocerebellar

7 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 7 April 6, 2011 d. Anterior spinocerebellar e. Lateral corticospinal f. Anterior corticospinal 66. Are the tracts listed in question 65, sensory or motor? a. b. c. d. e. f. 67. Identify the tract based on the function(s) provided. a. Conveys sensations of crude touch and pressure to thalamus. b. Conveys sensations of pain/temperature to thalamus. c. Subconscious proprioception from both sides of body giving position of muscles, joints, and tendons. d. Subconscious proprioception from one side of body. e. Conveys information about 2 pt discrimination, sterognosis, weight discrimination, and vibration. f. Coordinates precise, discrete movements. g. Coordinates gross movements of axial skeleton. h. Maintain posture and provide reflex movements of head. i. Movements of distal limb muscles. 68. Define reflex. 69. What is meant by stereotypic? 70. List the 5 components of a reflex arc. 71. What is an effector? Give two examples. 72. Sensory neurons, in the context of reflex arcs, conduct information from where to where? 73. Motor neurons, in the context of reflex arcs, conduct information from where to where? 74. What structures are found in the following locations? a. Dorsal root ganglion b. Dorsal (posterior) gray horn c. Lateral gray horn d. Ventral (anterior) gray horn 75. Name and give the general function of the 4 reflexes we studied in Bio 201. a. b. c. d. 76. Answer the following questions about the stretch reflex. a. What kind of stimulus is the receptor sensitive to? b. What example was used for this reflex? c. What is the specific kind of receptor? d. Where is this receptor specifically located? e. What kind of neuron does the first axon collateral synapse with? f. Is the effect on this next neuron excitatory or inhibitory? g. What is the destination of this neuron that the first axon collateral synapses with?

8 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 8 April 6, 2011 h. What is the result of the AP arriving at the destination in ʻfʼ? i. What does monosynaptic mean in the context of the knee jerk reflex? j. What is the advantage of a monosynaptic reflex? k. In the knee jerk reflex, which muscle(s) contract? l. What kind of neuron does the second axon collateral synapse with? m. Is the effect on this next neuron excitatory or inhibitory? n. The second neuron affected by the second axon collateral synapses with a third neuron. What kind of neuron is this third neuron? o. Is the effect on this third neuron in the sequence excitatory or inhibitory? p. What is the destination of this third neuron? q. What is the purpose of the action of this third neuron? r. What kind of neuron does the third axon collateral synapse with? s. What is the destination of the neuron in ʻqʼ? 77. Answer the following questions about the tendon reflex. a. What kind of stimulus is the receptor sensitive to? b. What is the specific kind of receptor? c. Where is this receptor located? d. What is the purpose/function of this receptor? e. What kind of neuron does the first axon collateral synapse with? f. Is the effect on this next neuron excitatory or inhibitory? g. The second neuron affected by the first axon collateral synapses with a third neuron. What kind of neuron is this third neuron? h. Is the effect on this third neuron in the sequence excitatory or inhibitory? i. What is the destination of this third neuron? j. What is the purpose of the action of this third neuron? k. What does polysynaptic mean in the context of the tendon reflex? l. What does ipsilateral mean? m. What kind of neuron does the second axon collateral synapse with? n. Is the effect on this next neuron excitatory or inhibitory? o. The second neuron affected by the second axon collateral synapses with a third neuron. What kind of neuron is this third neuron? p. Is the effect on this third neuron in the sequence excitatory or inhibitory? q. What is the destination of this third neuron? r. What is the purpose of the action of this third neuron? s. What kind of neuron does the third axon collateral synapse with? t. Is the effect on this next neuron excitatory or inhibitory? u. The second neuron affected by the third axon collateral synapses with a third neuron. Is the effect on this third neuron in the sequence excitatory or inhibitory? v. What is the destination of this third neuron? w. What is the purpose of the action of this third neuron? x. What does the phrase reciprocal innervation mean? Give an example using the stretch reflex. y. What is purpose of tendon reflexes in the body? _

9 Bio 201 Tissues and Skin 9 April 6, What is the neurological significance of testing reflexes? 79. What is a withdrawal reflex? 80. What is a cross extensor reflex? 81. What does contralateral mean? 82. Give an example of a contralateral reflex. 83. Be able to draw and label a spinal cord cross section. 84. Be able to label and draw neural schematics for the stretch and tendon reflexes.