PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH

Transcription

1 PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH FLY ASH Nurashyikin Binti Pauzi Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2009

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS Judul: PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH FLY ASH SESI PENGAJIAN: 2008/2009 Saya NURASHYIKIN BINTI PAUZI (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. 2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan. 4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972). (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan). TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: 50, VISTA AVENUE, JALAN SETIA RAJA, KUCHING Madam Azida Binti Rashidi Nama Penyelia Tarikh: Tarikh: CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.

3 The Following Final Year Project: Title Author : Properties of polystyrene concrete block with fly ash : Nurashyikin Binti Pauzi Matrix Number : Was read and certified by: Madam Azida Binti Rashidi Date Project Supervisors

4 PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE CONCRETE BLOCK WITH FLY ASH NURASHYIKIN BINTI PAUZI This project is submitted to Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) 2009

5 For my beloved mom and dad

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank my final year project supervisor, Madam Azida binti Haji Rashidi for her guidance and advice in conducting my research. I also would like to thank the technicians of Civil Engineering laboratory who helps me a lot in my laboratory works, especially to En. Nur Adha bin Abdul Wahab and Hj Affandi bin Othman. Cooperation from Faculty of Engineering and Civil Laboratory are really appreciated. Acknowledgement also goes to my friends and those who have helping me in my project. Thank to my family for supporting me in my study and this project. i

7 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgement Abstract Abstrak List of tables List of figures List of symbols i ii iii iv v vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Problem statement Limitations of the project Objectives 1.5 Brief Outline of Chapters 1.6 Conclusion CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Component of concrete Cement Fine Aggregates Expanded Polystyrene Characteristics Properties of Expanded Polystyrene Beads 9

8 Effect Expanded Polystyrene Bead on Concrete Block Fly Ash Characteristics Properties of Fly Ash Chemical Composition and Classification Effect Fly Ash on Concrete 2.3 Previous Studies Block Strength of Lightweight Concrete Workability of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Water Absorption Weight and Density Effect of High Temperature on Compressive Strength Conclusion 18 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Raw Materials Cement Fine Aggregate Expanded Polystyrene Beads

9 3.2.4 Fly Ash Water Superplasticizer 3.3 Equipments Production of EPS Concrete Block containing Fly Ash Methodology Test Program Workability Test Dimension Test Weight/Density Test Water Absorption Test Compressive Strength Test Heat Resistance Test 3.6 Conclusion CHAPTER 4RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Workability Test Results and Analysis Discussion 4.3 Dimension Test Results and Analysis Discussion 4.4 Weight Density Test

10 4.5 Water Absorption Test 4.6 Compressive Strength Test 4.7 Heat Resistance Test 4.8 Conclusion CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Limitation 5.3 Recommendations REFERENCES 58 APPENDIX

11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Pages 2.1 Process of Suspension Polymerization Water absorption test Compressive Strength Machine Muffle furnace Slump test on the sample Relationship between, weight density and EPS+fly ash mix ratio Relationship between average weight and mix proportion Relationship between average density and mix proportion Relationship between percentage of water absorption 43 and mix proportion 4.6 Relationship between compressive strength and time Average compressive strength for each mix Compressive strength results after exposure to high 50 temperature 4.9 Weight loss after heat to high temperature Sample before heat 52 v

12 4.11 Sample after heat 52 vi

13 LIST OF SYMBOLS m 1 - Wet brick weight m 2 - Dry brick weight µ - Micro C - Degree of Celsius % - Percentage vii

14 LIST OF TABLES Table Pages 2.1 Chemical composition of Fly Ash Mix details of the concrete investigated Strength characteristics of EPS concrete Mix proportion for all samples Mix proportion in kilogram Grading limit for fine aggregates Slump Test Result Dimension results for each mix Dimension according to MS76: Average weight and density measurement Average percentage of water absorption Average percentage of water absorption to average compressive strength Data for compressive strength Data for compressive strength due to changes in temperature iv

15 ABSTRACT This project reports the results of experimental investigations into the properties of lightweight concrete blocks containing expanded polystyrene beads with fly ash. Lightweight concretes can be produced by replacing the normal aggregates in concrete depending upon the requirements of density and strength. This project uses expanded polystyrene beads as lightweight aggregate for replacement of coarse aggregate in the mixes. The main objective of this project is to determine the properties of EPS concretes containing fly ash. Total of 126 samples of concrete blocks were prepared for this study. The properties studied were compressive strength, water absorption, weight and density, and heat resistance of the polystyrene concrete block with fly ash. The experimental results show that the compressive strength for samples with high percentage of polystyrene gives low compressive strength but samples with high percentage of fly ash give a higher compressive strength. The project also found that the optimum percentage of fly ash that can be replaced in the concrete is 30%. The properties of the block are mainly influenced by the content of polystyrene beads in the mix and the percentage of fly ash. ii

16 ABSTRAK Projek ini melaporkan keputusan eksperimen penyelidikan ke atas sifat blok konkrit ringan yang mengandungi biji-bijian polistirena padat dan abu terbang. Konkrit ringan boleh dihasilkan dengan menggantikan sejumlah kandungan pasir di dalam konkrit bergantung kepada isipadu dan kekuatan yang diperlukan. Kajian ini mengunakan bijibijian polistirena padat sebagai bahan ringan bagi pengantian pasir di dalam adunan. Tujuan utama projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena yang mengandungi abu terbang. Sejumlah 126 sampel blok konkrit disediakan untuk kajian ini. Sifat-sifat yang dikaji adalah kekuatan mampatan, penyerapan air, berat dan kepadatan, dan sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena di dalam suhu yang tinggi. Kajian menunjukkan kekuatan mampatan bagi peratusan yang tinggi abu terbang memberikan kekuatan mampatan rendah tetapi bagi sampel yang mengandungi peratusan abu terbang yang tinggi memberikan kekuatan mampatan yang tinggi. Kajian juga menunjukkan peratusan optimum bagi penggantian abu terbang di dalam konkrit adalah 30%. Sifat-sifat blok konkrit polistirena dipengaruhi oleh kandungan biji-bijian polistirena dan peratusan abu terbang di dalam adunan. iii

17 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Concrete is most widely used in construction. Originally, concrete was made using a mixture of only three materials which are cement, aggregate and water. This mix is then placed in forms and allowed to be cured and become hard. The strength, durability and other characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of the material used, the mix proportions, the method of compaction and other controls during placing, compaction and curing. Concrete is a solid that hardens after mixing with water due to a chemical process known as hydration. The water reacts with the cement and enables them to bonds together with the other components. The reactions are highly exothermic and the build-up in heat must not affect the integrity of the structure. 1

18 Concrete can be used for many construction works and it is the materials of choice for commercial applications. The concrete is extensively used in the construction of foundations, walls, roads, airfields, buildings, water retaining. 1.2 Problem Statement Both normal concrete and lightweight concrete have their own advantages and disadvantages. The normal concrete consists of mixture of Portland cement, sand, aggregate and water while the lightweight concrete is the improvement of the normal concrete by replacing the usual mineral aggregate by cellular porous or light-weight aggregate (M. S. Shetty, 2003). One of the disadvantages of normal concrete is the high self-weight of the concrete. Density of the normal concrete is in the range of 2200 kg/m 3 to 2600 kg/m 3. This heavy self-weight make it as an uneconomical structural material. Attempts have been made in the past to reduce the self weight of concrete to increase the efficiency of concrete as a structural material. The advantage of light-weight concrete advantage is its low in density which can reduce the dead load (self weight). Thus it enhances construction progress, reduce transportation and handling costs. The weight of a building on the foundation is an important factor in design, particularly in the case of weak soil and tall structure. In a 2

19 frame structure, the beams and columns have to carry loads of the floors and walls. If floors and walls are made up of light weight concrete, it will result in considerable economy. Lightweight concrete is one which is comparatively lighter than normal concrete but at the same time strong enough to be use for structural purposes. Therefore, it combines the advantages of normal weight concrete and discards the disadvantages of normal weight concrete. This type of concrete has advantages for future construction. Thus, several tests and investigation are required to determine the workability of polystyrene concrete block with fly ash so that t can be used as a material in constructions. 1.3 Limitations of the project This project will use EPS as aggregates replacement in the mixes and fly ash as part of cement substitution. With various ratios between fly ash and EPS in the experiment, the properties of this lightweight concrete are investigated experimentally. The tests required to identify the properties are limited to workability test, dimension test, water absorption test, weight and density test, compressive strength test, and heat resistance test. 3

20 1.4 Objectives The objectives of the project are: To find optimum mix proportion concrete block containing Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS) and fly ash. To determine the compressive strength of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly ash To determine the compressive strength of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly ash due to the changes in heat/temperature. To determine the water absorption of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly ash. To determine the weight density of the concrete blocks with EPS and fly ash. To check the dimensions of the blocks according to Malaysian Standard (MS76:1972) 4

21 1.5 Brief Outline of Chapters The report consists of several chapters. Chapter (1) deals with introduction of producing lightweight concrete block using the expanded polystyrene beads by adding various percentage of fly ash. The problem statement, objectives and scope of study are also mentioned. Chapter (2) studied the literature review, where works that have been done and related works published by other researchers in this field and results of each work are explained and concluded. Chapter (3) discusses about the experiment that have been carried out to produce lightweight concrete blocks by using the expanded polystyrene bead in concrete containing fly ash as a cement replacement material. Chapter (4) shows the results, analysis and discussion for every tests. The tests that were carried out are compressive strength test, water absorption test, weight density test, dimension test and heat resistance. Chapter (5) was written as the conclusion and recommendation. The conclusion writes about the overall findings and the summaries of the study. Some recommendations or ideas proposed in future work section also written in this chapter. 5

22 1.6 Conclusion Lightweight concrete can be produced by replacing aggregate in concrete with a certain percentage of other material like Expanded Polystyrene Bead (EPS) depending upon the density and strength required. The replacements of cement using fly ash can increase the workability, reduce segregation, bleeding, heat evolution and permeability, inhibit alkali-aggregate reaction and enhance sulfate resistance of the concrete itself. 6

23 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Lightweight concrete can be produced by partially replacing the normal weight coarse aggregate particles with expanded polystyrene beads (EPS). The lightweight concrete has practical densities between 300 and 1850 kg/m 3 (D. Saradhi Babu et al 2004). With the use of lightweight concrete in construction, the formworks need to withstand a lower pressure than that would be the case with normal weight concrete. Therefore, the total mass of materials to be handled is reduced with a consequent increase in productivity. Low density of lightweight concrete gives better thermal insulation than ordinary concrete. (D. Saradhi Babu et. al 2004) 7

24 2.2. Component of concrete Cement Cement is a material which has an adhesive and cohesive property and capable of bonding materials. The cement is used to bind the aggregates together and fill up the voids in between the aggregate particles to form a compact mass. The properties of cement are affected by several factors such as chemical composition, hydration, setting time, soundness and loss in ignition Fine Aggregates A fine aggregates aggregate is used to describe gravels, crushed stones and other materials which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete. The fine aggregates in concrete served as a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting action of applied load, abrasion, and percolation of moisture and the action of weather. Additionally, the fine aggregates reduce the volume changes resulting from setting and hardening of concrete. 8