Advanced Horticulture Pest Management, Soil and Water Management. Tomato

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1 Advanced Horticulture Pest Management, Soil and Water Management Tomato

2

3 Tomato Plant Considerations Warm Season Vegetable Deep Rooted (Pepper and Eggplant Medium Deep) Moderate Water Needs Low Tolerance to Excess Soil Moisture Medium to Good Tolerance to Drought Medium Tolerance to Humidity Low to Medium N, P, K Needs

4 Tomato Soil Management Considerations Soil Types Adaptable to Many Sandy Warm up faster, Better Drained Best for early field planting Clay Loam Higher Yields, Higher Water Holding Capacity - More Susceptible to Root Diseases

5 Whole leaf and petiole nutrient sufficiency guidelines Sufficiency range by growth stage Plant Part Nutrient First Flower Full Bloom Whole leaf %N %P %K Petiole dry ppm NO3 8 12, ,000 ppm PO4 2,500-3, ,000 %K

6 Whole leaf and petiole nutrient sufficiency guidelines Sufficiency range by growth stage Plant Part Nutrient First Flower Full Bloom Petiole Sap ppm NO %K 3 4,000 2,500-3,500

7 Potassium Deficiency

8 Tomato Water Management Considerations Deep Rooted Deep, Infrequent Irrigations Frequency Factors: o Soil Type o Crop Growth Stage o Variety o Irrigation Method Furrow/Flood 7 to 14 days Drip 1 to 3 days

9 Tomato Water Management Considerations Soil Salinity and Irrigation Water Salinity Lower Salinity Less Frequent Irrigation, More Quantity each Irrigation Higher Salinity More Frequent Irrigation, Less Quantity each Irrigation Tomato Moderate Tolerance to Salt o EC < 2.5 mmhos/cm (Soil) o TDS < 2,000 ppm (Water)

10 Tomato Furrow Irrigation

11 Tomato Water Management Considerations Very High Relationship Between Soil/Water Status and Disease Susceptibility o Root Diseases Phytophthora Root Rot o Foliage (stem, leave) Diseases Late Blight, Early Blight o Fruit Diseases Bacterial Speck,

12 Drip irrigation requirement between irrigations without inducing crop Soil texture water stress Irrigation requirement (mm) sand sandy loam silt loam clay loam clay

13 Tomato Disease Management Strategies Avoidance and Prevention o Resistant Varieties, including Root Stock o Cover Crops, Green Manure, Compost o Sanitation o Crop Rotation

14 Tomato Disease Management Strategies Avoidance and Prevention o Proper Soil Tilth o Precise Water Management o Correct Nutrient Management

15 Tomato Disease Management Strategies Management and Control o Monitor for Diseases Frequently o Adjust Environment as Possible o Control / Manage Insects o Use Pesticides

16 Physiological / Nonpathogenic Diseases Examples Blossom end rot, Catface / Cracking Major causes Water management, soil compaction, temperature fluctuations

17 Blossom End Rot Calcium Deficiency

18 Phytophthora Root Rot - Tomato

19 Phytopthora Root Rot

20 Phytophthora Root Rot

21 Tomato Fusarium Wilt

22 Tomato Fusarium Wilt

23 Tomato Fusarium Wilt

24 Late Blight - Tomato

25 Tomato Late Blight

26 Alternaria Rot

27 Tomato Bacterial speck

28 Rhizopus Fruit Rot

29 Anthracnose Rot

30 Fusarium Rot

31 Late Blight - Tomato

32 Tomato Pests - Nematode Microscopic roundworms - feed on plants by puncturing cells and sucking their contents. o Root knot : Meloidogyne incognit and M. javanica o Lesion : Pratylenchu spp. o Stubby root : Trichodoru sp. and Paratrichodoru sp. o Needle : Longidorus africanus

33 Lesion Nematode

34 Nematode Management Cultural Practices o Crop rotation with non-susceptible crops o Deep plowing, o Fallow, and o Destroy susceptible weed hosts o Proper irrigation and crop nutrition

35 Nematode Management Resistant cultivars Monitoring Solarization Treatment with Pesticide

36 Weed Management Components Monitoring - Knowledge of what weeds are present Weed Management Before Planting Weed Management At Planting Weed Management After Planting

37 Weed Management - Monitoring Monitoring - Knowledge of what weeds are present Conduct weed surveys on each field at least twice a year Note the location of weeds producing seed Examine field edges and ditch banks

38 Weed Management Pre-Plant Crop Rotation Field preparation Soil solarization Herbicides

39 Weed Management At Planting Planting dates Cultivation Transplanting

40 Weed Management Post-Plant Cultural practices o keep canal banks free of weeds o subsurface drip irrigation o maintain deep furrows Cultivation and hand-weeding o cultivate when weeds are small o Eliminate plants that have dodder attached Flaming Herbicides

41 Dodder on Tomato

42 Black Nightshade

43 Pigweed (Amaranthus)

44 London Rocket

45 Purple Nutsedge

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