Myanmar. Definitions and sources of data
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1 Myanmar Definitions and sources of data Data on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Myanmar are reported by the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development in Yangon. Inward flow and stock data cover approved investments under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law, available both by geographical origin and by industrial sector breakdown. Foreign investors are allowed to invest either in a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, or in a joint-venture with private local partners or a public entity. In the case of a joint-venture project, the foreign participation should not be less than 35 per cent of the total equity capital. The minimum amount of foreign capital to be brought into the country is $500,000 for manufacturing and $ 300,000 for services which can be either in cash or in equipment. Foreign investors are requested to submit their project proposals to the Myanmar Investment Commission for analysis and approval. Foreign enterprises are usually incorporated under the Myanmar Companies Act with the Registrar of Companies of the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. If the investment involves the participation of a state-owned enterprise, incorporation is to be effected under the 1950 Special Companies Act, and Myanmar Companies Act. As for outward investment flows, no data are available. Following the liberalization efforts of the Government to open up to foreign investment, foreign nationals who invest and operate under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law are entitled to incentives, benefits and legal guarantees. Among the guarantees offered are the rights to repatriate profits and to withdraw legitimate assets on the winding up of business. Restrictions on private investment in activities reserved for state-owned enterprises have been relaxed. For example, the Myanmar Investment Commission has permitted the exploration and development of oil, gas and minerals. The foreign party is required to sign a production sharing contract with the relevant government entity. In 1991, procedures conferring the right to cultivate and utilize land were introduced to make land available to foreign and local investors on a long-term lease for agricultural development. According to new banking laws, the Central Bank of Myanmar grants operational licenses to representative offices of foreign banks. The International Monetary Fund reports data on foreign direct investment flows to Myanmar only under equity investment. As for outward flows, no information is available.
2 Statistics on FDI and the operations of TNCs
3 Table 1. Summary of FDI Variable Inward Outward 1. FDI flows, (annual average) FDI flows as a percentage of GFCF, (annual average) FDI stocks, FDI stocks as a percentage of GDP, Sources : Based on tables 3a and 4 and UNCTAD, FDI/TNC database. Table 2. Summary of international production Variable Home-based TNCs Affiliates of foreign TNCs in Myanmar Foreign affiliates of home-based TNCs abroad 1. Number, a.. Sources : Based on table 22. Note: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for the fiscal year beginning 1 April. a This figure is based on the number of cumulative permitted foreign enterprises between 1990 and 2002.
4 Table 3a. FDI flows, by type of investment, Year Equity Inward investment Intra- Company loans Other Total Equity Outward investment Intra- Company loans Other Total Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.
5 Table 3b. FDI flows, by type of investment, Inward investment Outward investment Intra- Intra- Reinvested company Reinvested company Year Equity earnings loans Total Equity earnings loans Total Source : International Monetary Fund, August 2003 Balance of Payments CD ROM.
6 Table 4. FDI stock, by type of investment, Inward investment Outward investment Year Equity Intra-Company loans Other Total Equity Intra-Company loans Other Total Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration.
7 Table 5a. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry, Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Secondary Tertiary Construction Trade Business activities Real estate Unspecified business activities Unspecified tertiary Unspecified Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN, 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.
8 Table 5b. Foreign direct investment flows in the host economy, by industry, Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services Unspecified Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes : Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and eding 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.
9 Table 6a. FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Japan New Zealand Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia South, East and South-East Asia China Hong Kong, China Indonesia Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Unspecified Asia Unspecified Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN, 2002 edition, Jakarta, 2002.
10 Table 6b. Approved FDI flows in the host economy, by geographical origin, Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and South-East Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes: Data refer to approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. Data for France in 1994 represent additional investment for previously permitted enterprises.
11 Table 7. FDI flows in the host economy, by industry and by geographical origin, 2001 Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Mining and quarrying Region/economy / Sector/industry TOTAL WORLD Developed Countries Western Europe European Union North America United States Other Developed Countries Japan Developing Countries Asia South, East and South-East Asia China Hong Kong, China Indonesia Malaysia Republic of Korea Singapore Thailand Unspecified Source: ASEAN Secretariat, Statistics of Foreign Direct Invesment in ASEAN, 2002 edition, Jakarta, Secondary Tertiary Construction Trade Real estate Unspecified tertiary Unspecified
12 Table 11. FDI stocks in the host economy, by industry, Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services Unspecified Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes : Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.
13 Table 12. FDI stocks in the host economy, by geographical origin, Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and South- East Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Note: Data refer to cumulative approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March.
14 Table 22. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by industry, Sector/industry Total Primary Agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing Agriculture and hunting Forestry and Fishing Mining, quarrying and petroleum Mining and quarrying Petroleum Secondary Tertiary Construction Hotels and restaurants Transport, storage and communications Business activities Real estate Other services Unspecified Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes : Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. While forestry and fishing refer to fisheries, petroleum refer to oil and gas. No detailed breakdown is available for the secondary sector. Hotels and restaurants refer to hotel and tourism. Transport and storage represent transport and communication. Other services denote industrial estates.
15 Table 23. The number of affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, by geographical origin, Region/economy Total world Developed countries Western Europe European Union Austria Denmark France Germany Netherlands United Kingdom Other Western Europe Switzerland North America Canada United States Other developed countries Australia Israel Japan Developing economies Latin America and the Caribbean Other Latin America and Caribbean Panama Asia West Asia Cyprus South, East and South-East Asia Bangladesh Brunei Darussalam China Hong Kong, China India Indonesia Macau Malaysia Philippines Republic of Korea Singapore Sri Lanka Thailand Source: Myanmar Investment Commission, Directorate of Investment and Company Administration. Notes: Data refer to the number of projects in approved investment under the 1988 Foreign Investment Law and are reported for fiscal years beginning 1 April and ending 31 March. Data for the United Kingdom include enterprises incorporated in the British Virgin Islands and Bermuda.
16 Table 88. Largest affiliates of foreign TNCs in the host economy, 2002 (Millions of dollars and number) Company Home economy Industry Sales Employees A. Industrial Myanmar Brewery Singapore Beverages Myanmar Posco Steel Co Republic of Korea Metals B. Tertiary Myanmar Nusantara Trading Singapore Trade.. 11 Siemens Germany Trade.... Myanmar Kuok Oils & Grains Singapore Trade.... SGS Switzerland Other business services.... C. Finance and insurance Assets Employees Sources : The Banker's Almanac, 2003 (London, Reed Information Services, 2003); Thomson Analytics ( Who Owns Whom, 2003 (London, Dun and Bradstreet, 2003), Wright Company Analysis ( various company websites.
17 Sources of information Official Directorate of Investment and Company Administration, Myanmar Investment Commission Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development Secondary 1. ASEAN-US Business Council (business and economic information on Myanmar) ( 2. Asia Times (Online), "Mahathir has business in Myanmar", 6 January Asian Development Bank, Key Indicators of Developing Asian and Pacific Countries, 2003 (ADB: Manila). 4. Eisenstodt, G., "On the road to Mandalay", Forbes, Vol. 157, 2, 22 January 1996, pp Finch, J., "Myanmar's foreign investment law", East Asian Executive Reports, Vol. 18, 9, 15 September 1996, p Hill, C., "Singapore companies rush in", Asian Business, Vol. 31, 9, September 1995, p Jones, J., "The golden land of opportunity", World Trade, Vol. 9, 7, July 1996, pp Vatikiotis, M., "Catching the wave", Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 158, 7, 16 February 1995, pp
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