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1 The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system (skeleton) Two subdivisions of the skeleton skeleton skeleton Functions of Bones the body soft organs Allow due to attached skeletal Store and cell formation Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has bones Two basic types of bone tissue bone bone -like pieces of bone Many open Classification of Bones bones Typically than they are Have a with at both ends Contain mostly bone Example:
2 bones Generally -shape Contain mostly bone Example: bones Thin,, and usually thin layers of bone surround a layer of bone Example: bones shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: _ bones Anatomy of a Long Bone Composed of bone of the bone Composed mostly of bone Outside covering of the Fibrous tissue membrane fibers Secure to underlying
3 Supply bone cells with cartilage Covers the surface of the Made of cartilage Decreases at surfaces plate plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, bone line of the epiphyseal plate Seen in bones cavity Cavity of the shaft Contains marrow (mostly ) in Contains marrow (for blood cell formation) in Bone Markings (pg 138 a table to study) features of bones Sites of for muscles, tendons, and ligaments Passages for and vessels Categories of bone markings or processes grow from the bone surface or cavities Microscopic Anatomy of Bone (Haversian system) A unit of bone containing and matrix (Haversian) Opening in the of an Carries blood and nerves (Volkman s) Canal to the central canal Carries blood vessels and nerves Cavities containing cells ( )
4 Arranged in rings around the canal Sites of canals from the central canal to Form a system connecting all bone cells to a supply Formation of the Human Skeleton In, the skeleton is primarily cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the Parts of Bone Growth ( ) Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bones during New is continuously formed Older cartilage becomes Cartilage is broken down Enclosed cartilage is away, opening up a cavity Bone replaces cartilage through the action of Bones are and lengthened until growth Bones are remodeled in response to two factors Blood levels
5 Pull of and on the skeleton Bones grow in (called growth) Long Bone Formation and Growth Types of Bone Cells bone cells bone- cells bone- cells Break down bone for remodeling and release of in response to hormone Bone remodeling is performed by both and Bone Fractures break in a bone Types of bone fractures (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skin (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skin Bone fractures are treated by and Repair of Bone Fractures _ (blood-filled ) is formed Break is splinted by to form a Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a Bony callus is remodeled to form a The Axial Skeleton Forms the axis of the body Divided into parts column
6 The Skull sets of bones bones Bones are by Only the is attached by a freely movable Paranasal Sinuses portions of bones surrounding the cavity of paranasal sinuses the skull Give and to voice The Hyoid Bone The only bone that does with another bone Serves as a for the Aids in and The Fetal Skull The fetal skull is compared to the infant s total body fibrous membranes connecting the bones Allow the brain to Convert to within months after birth The Vertebral Column Each vertebrae is given a according to its There are single vertebral bones separated by discs vertebrae are in the vertebrae are in the region vertebrae are associated with the back
7 vertebrae to form two composite bones The spine has a curvature curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the and regions Present from curvatures are the spinal curvatures of the and regions Develop birth Sacrum Formed by the fusion of vertebrae Coccyx Formed from the fusion of to vertebrae, or remnant of a tail that other vertebrates have The Bony Thorax Forms a to protect major Consists of parts ribs (pairs 1 7) ribs (pairs 8 12) ribs (pairs 11 12) vertebrae The Appendicular Skeleton Composed of bones
8 Limbs ( ) girdle girdle The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of bones collarbone shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally movement Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Bones of the Upper Limbs Forms the Single bone The has two bones bone in anatomical position bone in anatomical position The hand wrist palm fingers Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Formed by two (ossa coxae) bones Composed of pairs of bones The total weight of the upper body rests on the It protects several organs organs
9 bladder Part of the intestine The Pelvis Gender Differences of the Pelvis The female inlet is and more The female pelvis as a whole is, and the bones are and The female flare more The female is shorter and curved The female spines are and farther apart; thus the outlet is The female pubic arch is more because the of the pubic arch is greater Bones of the Lower Limbs The has one bone The heaviest, bone in the body The lower leg has bones and medially oriented Thin and The foot Two largest tarsals (heelbone) sole toes Arches of the Foot
10 Bones of the foot are arranged to form strong Two One Joints of bones Functions of joints Hold together Allow for Ways joints are classified Functional Classification of Joints joints moveable joints moveable joints Structural Classification of Joints joints Generally joints or slightly moveable joints moveable Fibrous Joints Bones united by tissue Example: Allows more than sutures
11 Example: Distal end of and Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by Example: Pubic joints Synovial Joints Articulating bones are separated by a cavity fluid is found in the joint cavity Features of Synovial Joints cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the of bones A articular encloses joint surfaces A joint cavity is filled with fluid reinforce the joint Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction inflammation of tendon sheaths inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in the United States Clinical Forms of Arthritis Most common chronic arthritis Probably related to normal aging processes arthritis An autoimmune disease the immune system attacks the joints Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
12 Often leads to deformities arthritis Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood Can usually be controlled with diet Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System At birth, the skull bones are Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within years after birth Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Fetus Long bones are formed of hyaline cartilage Flat bones begin as fibrous membranes Flat and long bone models are converted to bone Birth Fontanels remain until around age 2 Adolescence Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends Size of cranium in relationship to body 2 years old skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult 8 or 9 years old skull is near adult size and proportion Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull Curvatures of the spine Primary curvatures are present at birth and are convex posteriorly Secondary curvatures are associated with a child s later development and are convex anteriorly Abnormal spinal curvatures (scoliosis and lordosis) are often congenital Osteoporosis Bone-thinning disease afflicting 50% of women over age 65 20% of men over age 70 Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager s hump) Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton
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