Chapter 7 Section 2 The Spanish-American War (p )

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Barbara Welch
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1 MAIN IDEAS The Coming of War (p. 268) NOTES Last Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere (1898) = Cuba and Puerto Rico Cuba had tried to revolt against Spain several times See Primary Source Causes of the Spanish-American War on p. 269 Cuba (p ) 1.) Cuba was a Sugarcane plantations Mid-1800s = produced 1/3 of world s sugar 1/3 of Cuba was slaves until = Spain abolished slavery 2 nd to last country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery (Brazil was the last) 2.) = 1880s = exiles planned an invasion of Cuba Early 1890s = US and Cuba linked economically Cuba exported sugar to US US invested $50 million in plantations, mines, and railroads US placed a tariff on sugar that hurt Cuba s economy 4.) Feb = Marti Jose Marti died in the fighting 5.) Sept = Set up the America Reacts (p ) 1.) USA was President Cleveland made the statement that the USA would stay neutral 2.) Americans were exaggerated, sensationalist reporting to attract readers Wrote stories about Spanish atrocities a.) New York Journal = Spanish fed Cuban prisoners to sharks and dogs b.) New York World = Cuba is a place with blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood! Page #

2 Spain Reacts (p ) 1.) to Cuba a.) = appointed as governor El Carnicero = The Butcher 2.) Cuban rebels a.) Hoped Hit-and-run raids destroyed plantations, sugar mills, tore up RR tracks, and attacked supply depots Calls for War Against Spain (p ) a.) used to General Weyler sent villagers to concentration camps Hundreds of thousands men, women, and children died of starvation and disease News reports of these camps angered Americans 1897 = William McKinley becomes president Did not want to intervene in the war Did not want to lose lives or hurt the economy 1.) Sept = US asked Spain if the they could help in Cuba Warned that if the war did not end soon, the USA would become involved a.) Spain b.) Spain offered to Cuba if they remained part of the Spanish empire 2.) 3.) Jan = in Havana, Cuba Spanish loyalists were upset by the concessions that were offered by Spain to Cuban rebels a.) was sent to 4.) Feb. 9, 1898 = New York Journal printed a Spanish letter that written by the Spanish ambassador It said President McKinley was weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd Americans were upset at the insult to the president 5.) Feb. 15, 1898 = exploded in the Havana Harbor a.) Americans believed that the Remember the Maine 6.) jingoism = aggressive nationalism Congress authorized $50 million for war and McKinley was pressured to declare war April 11, 1898 = the president asked Congress to declare war 7.) April 19, 1898 = US Congress proclaimed b.) Gave the president 8.) April 24, 1898 = on the USA Page #

3 A War on Two Fronts (p. 271) The Battle of Manila Bay Philippines (p ) Philippines were a Spanish colony 1.) US wanted to prevent the 2.) May 1, 1898 = Commodore takes control of They entered at midnight At dawn, 4 US ships destroyed all 8 of the Spanish ships US was surprised by Dewey s quick victory Troop were sent from San Francisco Guam was a Spanish possession in the Pacific Ocean 4.) Filipino rebel who had tried to stage an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in 1896 Joined with US troops after Dewey contacted him a.) Helped 5.) Manila = Philippine capital American Forces in Cuba (p. 272) Spanish troops weren t prepared to fight in Cuba Tropical diseases Weakened from months of fighting rebels Old warships Poorly trained crews Needed to keep their fleet strong to supply troops from Spain to Cuba US troops were not prepared either Poor resources to train and equip volunteers Unsanitary conditions in training camps More US soldiers died from epidemics than in battle with the Spanish US navy s North Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba 1.) June 14, 1898 = 17,000 US troops land Spain had shore-based guns that protected their fleet at Santiago a.) to b.) force to do battle Page #

4 2.) advance towards Western US volunteer cavalry unit made up of cowboys, minders and law officers Led by Colonel Leonard Wood Theodore Roosevelt was second in command 3.) July 1 = El Caney - a village northeast of Santiago All-black 8 th and 10 th Cavalry Regiments helped the Rough Riders at Kettle Hill o 1/4 th of troops fighting in Cuba were African America o 4 received the Medal of Honor for their bravery The Rough Riders took Kettle Hill and then helped to take San Juan Hill 4.) Spanish fleet a.) July 3 = US ships All Spanish ships were sunk or beached 5.) Two weeks after Spanish fleet was destroyed 6.) See The Spanish-American War on p An American Empire (p. 273) Cuba would became independent as promised US would annex Guam and Puerto Rico Philippines = should the US make it independent or take it over? Democracy or imperialism? Debate Over the Annexation of the Philippines (p ) See Debates in History on p See Political Cartoons on p ) o Stopover for trading ships going to China o Market for US goods o Help less civilized people o Surely this Spanish war has not been to grab for empire but a heroic effort [to] free the oppressed and to teach the millions of ignorant, debased human beings thus freed how to live. New England minister Page #

5 2.) o Cost of an empire outweighed economic benefits o Andrew Carnegie o Imperialism violated American principles o Jane Addams and Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) o American wages would be driven down by cheap Filipino labor o Samuel Gompers William Jennings Bryan = See p. 273 Debates in History 3.) President see Primary Source quote on p. 274 And one night late it came to me this way... (1)that we could not give them back to Spain that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany... that we would be bad for business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves they were unfit for self-government... and (4) that t here was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them. President McKinley in A Diplomatic History of the American People 4.) = Dec. 10, 1898 = US and Spain Feb = Senate ratified the treaty The USA & Cuba (p ) Cuba was independent and made a new constitution US wanted to make sure that Cuba had close ties with them 1.) 2.) Submitted by Senator Orville Platt Conditions added to the Cuban constitution by the US a.) Cuba could not make b.) Cuba had to c.) Cuba had to keep d.) Page #

6 US Territory Puerto Rico (p. 275) 1.) (1900) = set up a for Puerto Rico b.) and executive council b1.) o US president had final authority 2.) US Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans did not have constitutional rights of citizens 3.) 1917 = Puerto Ricans granted 4.) 1947 = Puerto Ricans Today = debate over state, independent country, or continue as self-governing commonwealth of the USA US Territory The Philippines (p. 275) 1.) ( ) Also called the Philippine Insurrection 2.) Emilio Aguinaldo led 50, ,000 Filipinos died 126,000 US soldiers were sent to fight the rebels 4,300 US soldiers died from combat or disease 3.) US Thousands of civilians died of disease and starvation 4.) first US Tried to win over the Filipinos by making improvements a.) Improved b.) Helped to c.) Reforms helped 5.) March ) July 4, 1902 = US 7.) Mid-1930s = US They were allowed to elect their own congress and president 8.) Page #

Becoming a World Power. The Imperialist Vision. Imperialism (cont) 1872-1912. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets

Becoming a World Power. The Imperialist Vision. Imperialism (cont) 1872-1912. Americans wanted to develop overseas markets Becoming a World Power 1872-1912 The Imperialist Vision Imperialism economic and political domination of a strong nation over a weaker one Became popular with countries in Europe Imperialism (cont) Protectorates