CRUI-ACARE: Workshop sulle attività di ricerca e sviluppo tecnologico Napoli, Luglio 2006

Transcription

1 CRUI-ACARE: Workshop sulle attività di ricerca e sviluppo tecnologico Napoli, Luglio 2006 ENFICA FC: ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY INTER CITY AIRCRAFT POWERED BY FUEL CELLS. VESPAS VERY-LONG ENDURANCE SOLAR POWERED AUTONOMOUS STRATOSPHERIC AIR VEHICLES FOR MEDITERRANEAN ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION Prof. Ing. Giulio ROMEO, Politecnico di Torino, Dept. of Aerospace Eng. giulio.romeo@polito.it DIASP

2 ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cells. (N.30779) DIASP 6FP: Aeronautics & Space Thematic Priority according to the top level objectives in the Strategic Research Agenda and Vision 2020 Report: To meet society s needs for a more efficient, safer and environmental friendly transport Research Area 1 «Strengthening Competitiveness» 1.l New aircraft concepts and breakthrough technologies Research Area 2 «Improving environmental impact with regard to emissions & noise» To reduce CO2 emissions by 50% To reduce NOx emissions by 80% in the Landing and Take-off cycle To reduce external noise by 4-5 db and by 10 db per operation in the short and long-term 7FP: Aeronautics Objective Based on technological advances, develop integrated, greener, smarter and safer pan- European transport systems for the benefit of the citizen and society, respecting the environment and natural resources. The greening of air transport: Developing technologies to reduce the environmental impact of aviation with the aim to halve the emitted carbon dioxide (CO2), cut specific emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 80% and halve the perceived noise. Research will focus on green engine technologies including alternative fuels technology as well as improved vehicle efficiency of fixed-wing and rotary wing aircraft, new intelligent low weight structures, and improved aerodynamics. giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

3 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cells. (6FP - N.30779) Cost:4.5 M - EC Funding:2,9 M Coordinator: POLITECNICO TORINO Dept. of Aerospace Eng. (Prof. G. Romeo) 2. METEC (I): Adm. Management 3. ISRAEL AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY (IAI) 4. EVEKTOR (Czech Rep.) 5. JIHLAVAN Airplanes (Czech Rep.) 6. BRNO UNIV. of TECH (Czech Rep.) 7. INTELLIGENT ENERGY (UK), 8. AIR PRODUCTS (UK) 9. UNIV. LIBRE de BRUXELLES (B), 10.ENIGMATEC (UK), 11.INFOCOSMOS (GR) To develop and validate the use of a fuel cell based power system for propulsion of more/all electric aircraft. 1) A feasibility study will be carried out to define preliminarily transport aircraft propulsion systems that can be provided by fuel cell technologies 2) A two-seat electric-motor-driven airplane powered by fuel cells will be developed and validate by flight-test, by converting a high efficiency aircraft.

4 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP Identification and Requirements of few applications for regional transport aircraft (APU, primary electrical generation supply, emergency electrical power supply, landing gear with electric folding and electric braking, electrical servo actuators, etc). Propulsion system preliminary definition that includes: Fuel stack (comparison between PEM, SOFC, MCFC, etc), hydrogen storage or direct on-board production, fuel cell system, electric motor and power management system. Preliminary relevant systems and subsystem definition; integration of Fuel Cell Systems in pressurised structure of aircraft; operational behaviour. Safety, certification, maintenance and installation. Reliability and maintainability concept definition. Life Cycle Cost evaluation. Development of a two-seat electric-motor-driven airplane powered by fuel cells by converting a high efficiency aircraft. Integration of the new energy and propulsion system and validation by flight-test

5 ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP FUEL CELLS: Very efficient energy conversion systems; convert chemical energy of a fuel and oxidant (hydrogen & oxygen) directly into electrical energy, without combustion neither parts in motion, producing water, electricity and heat. giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

6 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP

7 ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP Airbus Boeing Airbus

8 ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP FASTec (Foundation for Advancing Science,Technology & Education). Worlds 1st Fuel Cell Powered Electric Aircraft. 53 kw (71hp) High-performance, CFRP, 2-seat Lafayette3 - Electric variable pitch propeller - Brushless DC motor UQM Tech. BOEING electric-motor-driven (50 KW) airplane powered by fuel cells (aircraft DIMONA). Additional power for takeoff and climb will come from lithium-ion batteries. Boeing Intelligent Energy giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

9 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell DIASP ISRAEL AIRCRAFT INDUSTRIES JIHLAVAN Airplanes EVEKTOR BRNO Univ. of Technology POLITO INFOCOSMOS UNIV. LIBRE DE BRUXELLES EVEKTOR EV97-VLA

10 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell INTELLIGENT ENERGY - UK Developer of PEM fuel cell technology; class leading in the areas of: Compactness: power densities > 2.5kW/L. Unique cooling and water management: Systems simplicity: leading to a reduction in system complexity, mass and volume. AIR PRODUCT - UK Global leader in hydrogen production, distribution and supply Developed significant global hydrogen infrastructure that can support early market hydrogen requirements for fuel cell and vehicle fuelling applications in all potential markets. Supply hydrogen by gaseous pipeline and over-the-road as a compressed gas and liquid. Supplier of liquid hydrogen fuel for NASA's Space Shuttle and Arianne Espace engine test programmes. Air Products operates 54 gaseous hydrogen production plants with more under construction, 6 liquid hydrogen production plants and 7 hydrogen pipeline systems.

11 HELIPLAT POLITO - DEPT. ENERGETICS WATER Technologies fuel cells _~ëéç=çå=çéçáå~íéç=éäéåíêçäóëéë=~åç=ñìéä=åéääë=eëçäáç=éçäóãéê=íóééf= 1/12 Electrolyser Peak power: 2800 W Max H 2 mass flow: 500 Nl/h Pressure: 9 bar H 2 O 2 H 2 O 2 giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

12 DIASP ENFICA-FC: ENvironmentally Friendly Inter City Aircraft powered by Fuel Cell POLITO - Dept. Electrical Eng. Prof. F. Profumo ENIGMATEC Prof. F. Eastham Direct-drive DC-brushless motors permanent magnets brushless motors 1.5kW nominal, 3kW peak 96% efficiency On board Direct Drive Motor Bearing Rotating shaft giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP inverter

13 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP DIASP HELIPLAT VESPAS MEDITERRANEAN SEA BORDER SURVEILLANCE FROM VERY-LONG ENDURANCE SOLAR POWERED AUTONOMOUS STRATOSPHERIC AIR VEHICLES FOR LOCATING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION 6FP - PREPARATORY ACTION IN THE FIELD OF SECURITY RESEARCH. In order to enhance the European industrial potential in the field of Security Research a collaborative multi-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder projects is necessary for improving the Mediterranean Sea border control situation awareness. To develop and demonstrate really Novel Efficient Concepts and Technologies for locating illegal immigration at the EU borders.

14 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP DIASP HELIPLAT VESPAS MED SEA BORDER SURVEILLANCE FROM VESPAS AIR VEHICLES LOCATING ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION FOR 7FP SECURITY & SPACE SECURITY ACTIVITIES Border security: Activities will deal with two types of issues: (organized or unforeseen) access related security issues where the EU borders are regarded as the outermost perimeter to protect the EU territory (green and blue borders) as well as border access nodes. A series of capabilities are required to cope with this mission area, many of which primarily relate to the phases identify, prevent and protect. To build up the required capabilities, emphasis will be on issues such as: enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of all security relevant systems improving the security of Europe s land and coastal borders (e.g. through non invasive detection of vehicles, tracking of vehicles, spatial recognition including data capture and analysis, surveillance, remote operations etc.); assessment and management of (illegal) migration flows.

15 DIASP HELIPLAT A.S.I. ( ) EC-5FP ( ) NETwork of HELIplat UAV Copyright by G. Romeo Copyright by G. Romeo High Altitude (15-20km) Very-long Endurance Solar Powered Autonomous Stratospheric aircraft (VESPAS) flying for long period of time (4-6 months) by solar-power & fuel cells system. Easily recovered for maintenance. Pseudo satellites, with advantage of being much cheaper, closeness to the ground (more detailed land vision) & more flexible than a real satellite. giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

16 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP Security, Intelligence and Surveillance UAV DIASP HELIPLAT Civilian High Altitude Platform market for Security, Intelligence & Surveillance is growing at a rapid pace. Conservative market survey conducted by Frost & Sullivan states yearly revenues of commercial I&S High Altitude Platforms will increase to 2.5 Billion by Almost 60% of this market for Coast-Guard, Maritime Surveillance & Border Security. European community must makes serious effort to capture significant segment of this great developing market, actually under the exclusive leadership of USA industries.

17 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP USA Homeland Security DIASP HELIPLAT Over 10,000 border patrol agents typically stationed on USA southern border. Despite this larger presence, illegal border crossings and significant drug smuggling activities occur frequently. Borders Patrol actually made by piloted airplanes or helicopters (several personal) or from military ships, increasing the cost tremendously. High costs sustained by Italian Coast Guard ATR-42 airplane for border surveillance; with 4 crew minimum, cost of aircraft is around /hour of fly. Cost of helicopter equipped for border surveillance is also very high. Morocco cost(50-60 km) controlled in Spain, with a 145 M radar system.

18 Homeland Security DIASP HELIPLAT PROPOSAL SUBMITTED BY POLITO TO EC BUT NOT APPROVED 1) VESPASS: VERY-LONG ENDURANCE SOLAR POWERED AUTONOMOUS STRATOSPHERIC PSEUDO-SATELLITE FOR GMES APPLICATIONS (AERONAUTIC & SPACE Call 2 April 2004) POLITECNICO DI TORINO (Coordinator)- DLR - THALES Communications - DASSAULT Aviation - BRNO Univ. Tech. - AEG Infrarot Module - FIAT Research Centre Flight tests of a scaled-size solar powered electric prototype capable of remaining aloft for several hours up to an altitude of km was proposed to validate the following GMES applications: Early forest fire mapping Flood control and Agriculture remote sensing Security and border control (South Mediterranean Sea border electronically controlled by 8-9 platforms telecommunication services, in case of disasters. 2) VESPAS UAV: VERY-LONG ENDURANCE SOLAR POWERED AUTONOMOUS STRATOSPHERIC UAV FOR BORDER SURVEILLANCE (PASR-2004) Copyright by G. Romeo giulio.romeo@polito.it - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP

19 - POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP DIASP HELIPLAT UAV CRITICAL ASPECT: ENDURANCE Long endurance platforms (at least weeks or months) to avoid interference with civil transport traffic. Main advantage of the very-long endurance high altitude solar powered platform: less climb and descend events, which is important when considering interference with the aviation traffic. Other high-altitude UAV configuration for border surveillance has a very limited endurance (24-36 hours) that would drastically increase any potential collision risk with civil aviation traffic. At least a double number of UAVs would be requested to continuously guarantee the surveillance service, highly increasing the System Total Life Cycle Cost. Much higher number of UAVs are requested to cover continuously all the Mediterranean Sea with Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) UAV, since the covered area is decreasing with the square value of the flying altitude. Total Life Cycle Cost of MALE system shall tremendously increase.

20 DIASP HELIPLAT Pathfinder NASA Solar-powered UAV (AeroVironment) Helios HELIOS (AeroVironment): Span 76m; Altitude:29.5 km TOGW: 7.3kN Payload weight: 1kN Payload power: 1kW. Endurance:4-6 months Helios Solar UAV had to fly at 20km altitude using renewable energy, for day/night operations, aiming at a flight of several days HELIOS PROTOTYPE:In-flight mishap June NASA Mishap Investigation Board indicates the Helios Prototype appeared to have experienced undamped pitch oscillations that led to a partial breakup of the aircraft in midair while flying at about 3,000 feet altitude. According to interim status report, the board believes the undamped pitch oscillations may be related to the complex interactions between the aerodynamic, structural, stability and control and propulsion systems on a flexible aircraft.

21 DIASP EC 2000 HELIPLAT (HELIos PLATform) Multi-disciplinary optimisation program: 1) Solar radiation change over year 2) Altitude; 3) Wind speed; 4) Mass and efficiency of solar cells 5) Mass and efficiency of fuel cells 6) Aerodynamic performances; 7) Structural mass. ASI 1995 Copyright by G. Romeo WT=750kg; Wpl=130kg; Preq=6.5kW; Ppl=1.5kW; Vc=71km/h (TAS); Solar cell effic. 21%; Fuel cell effic. 60% Sw=176.5m2; b=73m; ARw=30.2; S ht=28m2; b=17.5m; Copyright by G. Romeo A twin boom configuration would reduce the wing bending moment. A tubular spar for wing, tails or booms would allow a very light structure; indeed, it has to fulfil all the JAR requirements. Trademark of Dept. of Aerospace Eng -POLITO EC 2002 Copyright by G. Romeo

22 POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, DIASP HELIPLAT SOLAR CELLS Maximum available Solar cell efficiency: 85%. To-date obtained solar cells efficiency: 36%. High efficiency (15-20%) thin (250 microns) mono-crystalline silicon cells to-day available at low-medium price (about /m2). Higher efficiencies (up to 25-30%) very thin (50 microns) single-crystal GaAs cells are also available, at higher price (about 30 k /m2). InGaP/GaAs CELL

23 HELIPLAT Aerodynamic Design DIASP HELIPLAT New high performances airfoils developed to reduce the power required for the flight. Cl-Alpha HPF118 profile - Re= CL Xfoil Stuttgart Alfa VSAERO CFD POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it Copyright by G. Romeo

24 DIASP HELIPLAT HELIPLAT Scaled Prototype Design NASTRAN FEM Analysis A Copyright by G. Romeo The highest structural efficiencies are required to minimise airframe weight and increase payload mass. They are obtained by: Wide use of HM graphite/epoxy material: very light - high stiffened structure. Numerical structural analysis (MSC/NASTRAN). POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it

25 DIASP HELIPLAT Scaled Prototype Manufacturing & Testing CASA (E) ARCHEMIDE/ POLITO Copyright by G. Romeo Shear/Bending Static Failure Test n=7.5g POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP,

26 POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, EADS, ONERA, DLR, NLR, AGUSTA, AIROBOTICS, Eurocopter, IAI, CIRA, UNINA, UNIBO, WARSAW UNIV, POLITECNICO TORINO Design of 3 HALE UAVs WP Leader: Prof. G. Romeo May 2002 IAI - POLITO - WUT BLENDED WING ONERA WUT SHAMPO (Solar Hale Aircraft Multi Payload & Operation) POLITO

27 DIASP SHAMPO SOLAR HALE UAV Solar Hale Aircraft Multi Payload & Operation Airfoil optimization VSAERO CFD Design Load = 4.5 Copyright by G. Romeo Structural Concept Preliminary Flight Derivatives POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it Total Life Cycle Cost: 715 /hour

28 DIASP HELIPLAT SUPER DIMONA b = 5.8 m - W = 20kg FLIGHT MODEL Video Rec Copyright by G. Romeo Cost: 8500 POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it

29 DIASP HELIPLAT FLIGHT MODEL New Improvements Auto-pilot + GCS Video camera (40x - 95 g - 2W) Payload Weight: 4kg Endurance: 6-8 hours) Copyright by G. Romeo Infrared Thermo camera (0.7kg- 7/13 micron) Mono-crystalline silicon solar 20% efficiency Additional Cost: POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it

30 CONCLUSION DIASP HELIPLAT Possible realisation of HAVE-UAV at least for low latitude sites in Europe and for 4-6 months. Forest Fire Early detection and Border Patrol monitoring would be possible at much cheaper cost and higher resolution than actual systems, and it would be obtained continuously. Airfoils with high Lift coeff. and small Drag coeff. and at low Reynolds numbers should be obtained. The aerodynamic performances of HELIPLAT are being implemented by VSAERO software, obtaining high efficiency. Structural Design must satisfy airworthiness requirements. Showed feasibility of very light CFRP structural elements. Good correspondence between experimental analytical and FEM analysis is verified and expected. Showed feasibility of brushless electric motors and fuel cell systems. Preliminary flight tests of few critical items were successively carried out on model with 6m wing span. New improvement (solar cells, infrared and video camera) are expected. A great experience shall be obtained by ENFICA-FC partners by flight test of a 2-seat aircraft powered by fuel cells. POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it

31 DIASP Copyright by G. Romeo HELIPLAT Thanks for your kind attention Politecnico di Torino, DIASP, is partner of EC ESA funding projects: pqo^q p ENFICA-FC POLITECNICO TORINO, DIASP, giulio.romeo@polito.it