Near Real-time Monitoring of Biomass Burning Particulate Emissions (PM2.5) Using Multiple Satellite Data
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1 EastFire 2007 May 5-8, 2007 ERT Near Real-time Monitoring of Biomass Burning Particulate Emissions (PM2.5) Using Multiple Satellite Data Xiaoyang Zhang 1, Shobha Kondragunta 2,Christopher Schmidt 3 1 Earth Resources 2 NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research; 3 Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin
2 Outline 1. Fuel loading dataset derived from MODIS data 2. AVHRR NDVI-controlled combustion and emission factors 3. GOES fire sizes 4. PM2.5 emissions across the continental USA 5. Summary
3 Modeling Emissions from Biomass Burning GOES fire size MODIS vegetation properties Fuel type AVHRR moisture condition Burned area Fuel loading Fraction of fuel consumption Emission Factor Emissions CMAQ model
4 Model of Biomass Burning Emissions E = K L J k= 1 l= 1 j= 1 i= 1 I A ijkl M ijk C ijkl F ijkl (1) E---biomass burning emissions (kg) A---burned area (km 2 ) M--biomass density/fuel loading (kg.km -2 ) C--fraction of combustion F--fraction of emission i and j define the fire (pixel) locations l is the fuel type k is the time period GOES fire product MODIS vegetation properties AVHRR moisture condition AVHRR moisture condition
5 Biomass (Live Fuel) Estimates from Generalized Allometric Models and MODIS Data MODIS Data Vegetation Continuous Field (MOD44B) LAI (MOD15A2) Land Cover Type (MOD12Q1) Percent bare land Percent tree Forests Savannas Shrubs Grasses Percent non-tree vegetation Foliage Biomass Broadleaf forests Needleleaf forests Mixed forests Species-specific Allometric Models General Allometric Models Biomass Components
6 Tree Biomass Components A. Foliage biomass (tons/ha) B. Branch biomass (tons/ha) C. Aboveground biomass (tons/ha) Zhang, X., and S. Kondragunta (2006), Estimating forest biomass in the USA using generalized allometric models and MODIS land products, Geophysical Research Letter, 33, L09402, doi: /2006gl
7 Fuel Loadings for Grasses, Shrubs, Litters, and CWD Grass biomass Total shrub biomass Coarse woody detritus Litter
8 Fuel Combustion Factor Consumed fractions of tree canopy, shrub, grass (Anderson et al., 2004) LC L =100*(1-e -1 ) mcf (8) LC L --percent of fuel loading consumed for fuel type canopy, shrub, and grass, respectively mcf moisture category factor The combustion factor for litter was assumed to be 100%. Combustion factor for CWD: C w =0.6(0.31+(0.03*(0.31-mcf))) (9) Anderson et al Fire Emission Production Simulator (FEPS) User s Guide (version1.0)
9 Moisture Category Derived from AVHRR GVI (4km) Vegetation health condition (VCI) index (Felix Kogan, 1997) : VCI=100(NDVI-NDVI min )/(NDVI max -NDVI min ) NDVI max and NDVI min in a pixel are the weekly maximum and minimum values from1985 to 2003
10 Temporal Variation in Moisture Category from Needle leaf forests in the western USA Shrubs in the western USA Mixed forests in the eastern USA AVHRR Grass in the western USA Broadleaf forests in the eastern USA VCI Moisture catogery Day of year Early July in 2002
11 GOES Fire Size Spatial resolution: 4km Temporal resolution: 30min Instantaneous fire sizes in subpixels detected from 3.9 µm and 10.7 µm infrared bands Fire occurrences detected from GOES satellite in 2002
12 Fourier-Fitted Diurnal Fire Sizes ---Representative diurnal curves Fire size (km2) Forest Savanna Shrub grass crop Solar local time (hour)
13 Burned Areas Associated with GOES Fire Size A = αf A -- the area burned within a specified time period (km 2 ) F -- the subpixel fire size (km 2 ) α -- a constant coefficient For detailed information, please attend the presentation: B2.2.5 Estimates of Interannual Variations in Burned Areas Using GOES Instantaneous Fire Sizes
14 Half-hourly PM2.5 Emissions
15 Annual PM2.5 Emissions
16 PM2.5 Emissions in Each State PM PM PM Fire size (km2 Fire-size-2002 R.I. Florida Louisiana M ississippi Alabam a GeorGia S Carolina Arkansas Texas Oklahom a Tennessee New N Carolina Arizona Kentucky Kansas Missouri V irg inia DEL MD W V irginia Colorado Indiana Illinois Ohio New Jersey Nebraska Utah Iow a PENN Nevada Conn California MA Wyoming Michingan S. Dakota New York Wiscons V.T Michigan N.H Oregon N. Dakota m innesota Maine Montana Idaho Washington PM2.5 (to n ) Fire-size-2003 Fire-size-2004
17 Variation in GOES Fire and PM2.5 Emission with Land Cover Type
18 Evaluation of PM2.5 Using National Emissions Inventory PM2.5 from GOES fire (ton) MVPFS-GOES-AVHRR NFDRS-GOES FCC-GOES-AVHRR PM2.5 in NEI (ton) NFDRS National Fire Dangerous Rating Systems. FCCS--Fuel Characteristic Classification System MVPFS--MODIS Vegetation Property-based Fuel System
19 NOAA/NESDIS Real Time Fire Product
20 Near Real Time Emission (DOY May 21, 2006)
21 Summary MODIS data combined with foliage-based allometric models provide a robust tool to establish fuel loading data over a large domain. This dataset is easy to update. PM2.5 emissions vary greatly with ecosystems, state, season, and year. PM2.5 estimated from GOES fire data at resolution of half hours provides possibility to improve air quality forecast.
22 THANK YOU
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