Midterm Study Guide COGS 107C Spring 2008
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1 Midterm Study Guide COGS 107C Spring 2008 I. 13 Brain Facts Know examples of the following subset of brain facts: a. Specialization of function b. Classical &. nonclassical receptive fields c. Parallel architecture Know the following subset of brain facts: a. There are about 10^12 neurons and 10^15 synapses in the human brain b. Each neuron is connected to approximately 3% of neurons in the surrounding mm^2 c. Effect of one cell on another is about 1-5% of firing threshold Know the following nonspecific neuromodulatory systems and their key nuclei/regions: a. Locus coeruleus (Norepinephrine) b. Raphe nuclei (Seratonin) c. Substantia nigra (Dopamine) d. Nucleus basalis (Acetylcholine)<-AKA Basal nucleus e. GABAergic cells in the mammillary region of the hypothalamus II. Common Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience Be familiar with the following methods for measuring and/or manipulation the structure or function of the nervous system: a. fmri b. EEG/MEG (ERP/ERF, time frequency analysis) c. Optical imaging d. MRI e. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) f. Lesions g. Transcranial magnetic stimulation h. Microstimulation Specifically, for each of these you should know: a. What each method directly measures/disrupts/drives b. What aspect of neural activity (e.g., synaptic potentials or action potentials) each method directly or indirectly reflects c. The approximate temporal and spatial resolution of the method d. Possible ambiguities of each method
2 e. The kinds of questions each method might be useful for addressing You should be able to apply the six hallmarks of good results to hypothetical experiments. Specifically, given a hypothetical experiment, you should be able to tell us: a. What (if anything) makes these results compelling? b. Are there any possible ambiguities/confounds in the results? c. What might be a good experiment to follow up on this research? III. Sleep & Circadian Rhythms Be able to explain and apply the following concepts/phenomena: a. The definition of a circadian rhythm b. The two process model of sleep c. The four possible sleep functions discussed by Dr. Greenspan d. The three behavioral criteria for sleep e. Characteristics of waking, NREM sleep, & REM sleep (e.g., brain activity, motor activity, perceptual experience) f. The sequence of various sleep states/stages through the night g. The role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms and the influence of light stimulation on the SCN h. Some similarities between the neural mechanics of fruit fly and human sleep (e.g., similar effects of drugs on sleep, similar neural behavior during sleep) Know the role of the following regions/neuromodulators in the transition from waking to NREM sleep: a. Tuberomammillary nucleus b. Locus coeruleus c. Dorsal raphe nucleus d. Pontine cholinergice nuclei (i.e., lateral dorsal tegmental nucleus & pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus<--you don t have to know them by name) e. Preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus f. Norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, adenosine IV. The Hypothalamus Know the following hypothalamic nuclei and the functions that they are associated with: a. Preoptic region b. Tuberomammillary nuclei c. Hypocretin releasing neurons d. Suprachiasmatic nucleus e. Supraoptic nucleus f. Paraventricular nucleus
3 Be able to explain and apply the following concepts/phenomena: a. The inputs to the hypothalamus mentioned in lecture (e.g., visual, olfactory, circumventricular organs) b. The outputs of the hypothalamus mentioned in lecture (e.g., ant. & post. pituitary) c. The functions of the hypothalamus mentioned in lecture (e.g., reproduction, thermoregulation) d. What s special about the circumventricular organs? e. The definition of a neuroendocrine cell V. Spatial Cognition For the following parts of the brain, indicate: a) How it is it involved in spatial cognition (e.g., important for guiding/compensating for eye movement) b) What coordinate system(s) does it use (if known)? c) What type of stimuli/behaviors activate these cells? Area LIP Area VIP Primary Motor Cortex Premotor Cortex (includes Supplementary Eye Fields) Hippocampus Know the following symptoms of parietal lobe damage a. Optic ataxia b. Simultanagnosia c. Visual extinction d. Hemispatial negelct Know the following types of coordinate systems Allocentric: object centered room/environment centered Egocentric retinocentric head centric body centric Know examples of parts of the brain that use them and how to test which coordinate system is being used by a particular part of the brain. VI. Object Recognition
4 Be able to explain and apply the following concepts/phenomena: a. Why object recognition is hard b. Structural description (AKA object centered ) & Image description (AKA viewer centered ) models of object recognition c. General visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, & agraphia d. What happens to receptive fields as you go up the cortical hierarchy e. The three patterns of cortical connectivity (feedforward, lateral, & feedback) f. Topographic organization of low (e.g., V1) vs. high (e.g., TE) level cortical areas in the ventral visual stream g. The possible role of feedback and lateral connections in the ventral visual stream h. The possible role of non-visual sensory information (e.g., auditory) in object recognition Know the response properties of the human cortical areas LO, FFA, & PPA. Also be able to explain and give evidence for the theory that the FFA reflects category specific processing vs. process specific processing. Be able to explain what the binding problem is and the role of attention and the parietal lobe in solving the binding problem VII. Prefrontal Cortex & Executive Function Know the characteristics of automatic & controlled cognition Know the following symptoms of PFC damage a. Disinhibition b. Emotional impairment c. Difficulty planning d. Working memory impairments Know the key PFC anatomical facts covered in lecture a. PFC size across species b. Sensory connections c. Motor connections d. Limbic connections Know the key PFC functions covered in lecture a. Working memory b. Flexibly sensitive to task demands c. Sensitive to rewards Know the three major PFC regions covered in lecture and the functions they re involved in a. Dorsolateral PFC
5 b. Ventrolateral PFC c. Orbital PFC Know the following theories of PFC function and what they do/don t explain about PFC function/deficits a. Somatic marker hypothesis b. Working memory c. Multiple processing levels d. Rule representation e. Flexible, limited capacity controlled processing VIII. Working Memory & Attention Know the characteristics of working memory (e.g., temporary, for current tasks, limited capacity) Know the areas and type of activity believed to instantiate the following types of working memory: a. Visuospatial b. Visual object c. Verbal Be able to explain the two theories covered in lecture as to why working memory capacity is so limited. Know how brain activity elicited by n-back-like tasks differs from that of standard working memory tasks (e.g., item recognition)
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