Volcanoes Module Study Notes and Outline Volcanic Eruptions

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Volcanoes Module Study Notes and Outline Volcanic Eruptions"

Transcription

1 Earth Science Module 6 Volcanoes Main points of module on volcanoes The composition of the magma, which is stored in a chamber below the volcano and exits through opening called vents, affect how explosive the volcano will be. Nonexplosive eruptions produce lava, magma that flows onto the surface, but explosive eruptions produce pyroclastic materials, fragments that harden from magma in the explosion. Volcanic eruptions can cause short-term climate change and build volcanic cones (mountains) or lava plateaus. Volcanoes are most likely to erupt when and where lower pressure under major faults allows magma to collect, usually near coasts or middle of the ocean. Measurements of tremors, gases, temperature, and swelling of the volcano help predict eruptions. Volcanic Eruptions I. Volcanoes are openings in the Earth s surface through which magma and gases are expelled. A. Volcanoes are usually conical mountains, but they can be a long crack in a valley. Most people are talking about the mountain when they use the word volcano. II. Volcanic eruptions can be explosive, like Mt. Saint Helens, all the way to nonexplosive where lava just bubbles out and flows slowly like in the Hawaiian volcanoes. A. During an eruption, magma is forced to the Earth s surface, along with volcanic gases (often poisonous) including water vapor or superheated water. B. Nonexplosive eruptions 1. These consist of usually slowly flowing lava and slowly escaping gases. These eruptions are typical of mid ocean islands and rift zones. The mid-ocean ridges have rift zones running down their middles, and this is where the lava slowly flows out onto the ocean

2 floor building up the mid-ocean ridge. Some rift zones occur on land as well. C. Explosive eruptions 1. In explosive eruptions, sudden release of hot gas and magma cause the top or even a whole mountain to explode with the power of more than 10,000 atomic bombs. 2. The magna and rock sides of the volcano are blown into particles of different sizes from dust-like ash to house-sized boulders. III. General structure of a volcano A. Below the volcanic cone is a large mass of magma call the magma chamber that feeds the volcano B. Cracks in the rock of the volcanic cone allow the magma to be released through openings called vents (at the tip and often on the sides) IV. What is in the magma? The composition of the magma affects how explosive the volcano is. A. Lots of water in the magma means an explosion is more likely. When the magma gets near the surface the lower pressure lets the water (and any carbon dioxide) to suddenly turn to gas (like shaking and opening a soda bottle. 1. Lava from this volcano may have lots of gas bubbles and harden as pumice. (That why it floats.) B. Lots of silica (i.e., felsic magma) means it is more explosive because the magma is stiff and hardens in the vents, plugging the volcano. Pressure builds up from below until the plug cracks, pressure is suddenly released and the volcano explodes. C. Less silica (more mafic magma) is more plastic and usually flows out steadily. V. What come out of the volcano A. Lava is magma that flows out on the surface from the vents (mostly in less explosive eruptions). The word lava is also used for the rock that hardens from the flowing lava. 1. Thin, runny lava hardens quickly into jagged, brittle lava rock called aa lava (that is what you say when you walk on it) or underwater it forms pillow lava. 2. Thick, sticky lava hardens more slowly into ropy or pahoehoe lava that flows a long way or blocky lava that is not so hot and hardens near the vent. B. Solid fragments coming from the volcano are called pyroclastic materials ( pyro = fire + clast = fragment)

3 1. Magma that hardens immediately in an explosion forms ash (dustsized fragments from exploding gas bubbles), pebbles, and volcanic bombs (rounded rock-sized). 2. Volcanic blocks are boulders blasted apart from the mountain side. C. Pyroclastic flows are extremely hot, flowing clouds of ash, larger fragments, steam, mud, and poisonous gases flowing rapidly (up to 200 km/hour) along the ground. These are dangerous! Volcanic Effects VI. Volcanic eruptions affect climate and build new land forms. VII. Volcanic climate change A. The ash and gases emitted from an explosive eruption can go high into the atmosphere and spread over continents, oceans or even the whole world. B. The ash and gases block the sunlight, cooling temperatures for a year or two. 1. The explosion of Mt. Tambora in Indonesia, caused America to have The Year Without a Summer in The explosion of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 caused global temperatures to drop a half degree Celsius. VIII. Volcanic landforms A. Actual volcanoes 1. Shield Volcanoes These are broad, shallowly dome-shaped volcanoes built up of layers of lava from nonexplosive eruptions. The Hawaiian volcanoes are good examples 2. Cinder Cone Volcanoes These are small, conical volcanoes that develop from moderately explosive eruptions. The explosions produces mostly pyroclastic sand and gravel called cinders that fall close to the vent. The Mexican volcano Paricutín at 400 m tall is a good example. 3. Composite Volcanoes These are tall, symmetrical volcanoes formed from alternating explosive eruptions with pyroclastic material that are followed by lava flows that cement the pyroclastic material into stable steep slopes. Mt Fuji and Mt. Rainier are good examples. B. Secondary volcanic structures

4 1. Craters after an eruption, the lava in the central vent drains downward or collapses leaving a funnel-shaped pit. 2. Calderas these are large circular depression around the main cone of a volcano that forms when magma chamber under the volcano, drains and the roof collapses. Yellowstone Park is a complex of three large calderas. C. Lava Plateaus massive nonexplosive flows of lava coming from rifts in the crust form elevated, but more or less flat, regions. The Columbia River Plateau, which is 3 km thick, is a good example. When and Where to Expect Volcanic Eruptions IX. When can an eruption be expected? A. There must be the right conditions of temperature and pressure. 1. Magma forms in the deep crust and upper mantle. The rock there is a hot, putty like solid because the pressure from the overlying crust is so high. 2. The rock melts into magma only when the temperature gets high enough or the pressure is lowered. 3. Since the temperature is more or less constant, melting depends more on pressure 4. When certain areas of the crust become weaker, then the pressure is less, the rock melts, and the magma starts rising because it is less dense than the rock around it. B. Predicting eruptions 1. Eruption history helps predictions. a. Extinct volcanoes have not erupted in recorded history, and not like to do so again. b. Dormant volcanoes have erupted in recorded history, and might again. c. Active volcanoes are erupting now or show signs erupting in the near future. 2. Measurements of activity a. When magma moves upward it generates low magnitude earthquakes (tremors) that can be detected by seismographs. These increase in number and intensity before an eruption.

5 b. Gases are measured because, as the magma moves up, the proportions of volcanic gases change. c. Before an eruption, the sides of the volcano swell, which can be detected by very sensitive GPS units. d. Infrared satellite images also can measure increasing temperature and gas release of the volcano. X. Where will volcanoes likely erupt? A. Volcanic eruptions are most associated with the oceanic crust 1. Contact between ocean crust and continental crust is often an area of weaker contact and lower pressure. Data suggest that some ocean crust is forced under continental crust in a reverse fault and then melts to form magma. The Ring of Fire encircling the Pacific Ocean is a good example. 2. Mid-ocean ridges form on each side of a rift in the ocean floor. This is an area of normal and strike-slip faults and, thus, lower pressure. Nonexplosive eruption of lava occurs there nearly continuously. Sometimes enough lava pours out to form islands like Surtsey that formed near Iceland in Weak spots sometimes form in the middle of the ocean basins (not near the mid-ocean ridges). There a persistent plume of magma forms a hot spot where volcanoes rise up from the ocean floor. The Hawaiian Islands appear to be a good example. B. Rift zones can also form in continental crust. Normal faults in these area cause lower pressure. This is where lava plateaus and some volcanoes are formed. The East African Rift where Mt. Kilimanjaro occurs is a good example.

Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface

Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface TEKS investigate rapid changes in Earth s surface such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides Rapid Changes in Earth s Surface Constant Changes Earth s surface is constantly changing. Wind,

More information

Viscosity and Volcano Types

Viscosity and Volcano Types 20 LESSON Viscosity and Volcano Types This photo, taken in 1943 in Paricutin, Mexico, shows an eruption of the Paricutin volcano at night. Glowing hot, broken rocks outline the shape of the volcano, called

More information

INTRODUCTION. This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano.

INTRODUCTION. This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano. BY RYAN O MAHONY INTRODUCTION This project is about volcanoes and how they form and how they function. It will also show you the different aspects of a volcano. MAP OF VOLCANOES AROUND THE WORLD DIAGRAM

More information

Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Unit 6 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes and Volcanoes: Essential Questions What evidence can students observe that the Earth is changing? How do scientists know what s inside the Earth? What processes

More information

Volcanoes Erupt Grade 6

Volcanoes Erupt Grade 6 TEACHING LEARNING COLLABORATIVE (TLC) EARTH SCIENCE Volcanoes Erupt Grade 6 Created by: Debra McKey (Mountain Vista Middle School); Valerie Duncan (Upper Lake Middle School); and Lynn Chick (Coyote Valley

More information

FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three types of

More information

Plate Tectonics Web-Quest

Plate Tectonics Web-Quest Plate Tectonics Web-Quest Part I: Earth s Structure. Use the following link to find these answers: http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/structure.html 1. Label the layers of Earth in the diagram

More information

Interactive Plate Tectonics

Interactive Plate Tectonics Interactive Plate Tectonics Directions: Go to the following website and complete the questions below. http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/index.html How do scientists learn about the interior

More information

FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FIRST GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Learning the shapes of volcanoes. LAB: Experimenting with "lava." POST: Comparing

More information

Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics

Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Earth Science Regents Questions: Plate Tectonics Name: Date: Period: August 2013 Due Date: 17 Compared to the oceanic crust, the continental crust is (1) less dense and more basaltic (3) more dense and

More information

6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes

6.E.2.2 Plate Tectonics, Earthquakes and Volcanoes Name: Date: 1. The road shown below was suddenly broken by a natural event. 3. The convergence of two continental plates would produce Which natural event most likely caused the crack in the road? island

More information

Inside Earth Chapter 3

Inside Earth Chapter 3 Name Hour Due Date Inside Earth Chapter Page 1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Page 2 Volcanic Activity Page - Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes Page 4 Mapping Earthquakes and Volcanoes table Page 5 - Mapping

More information

Chapter 5: Magma And Volcanoes

Chapter 5: Magma And Volcanoes Chapter 5: Magma And Volcanoes Introduction: Earth s Internal Thermal Engine Magma is molten rock beneath Earth s surface. Because liquid magma is less dense than surrounding solid rock, and obviously

More information

1. You are about to begin a unit on geology. Can anyone tell me what geology is? The study of the physical earth I.

1. You are about to begin a unit on geology. Can anyone tell me what geology is? The study of the physical earth I. PLATE TECTONICS ACTIVITY The purpose of this lab is to introduce the concept of plate tectonics and the formation of mountains. Students will discuss the properties of the earth s crust and plate tectonics.

More information

Some Processes that Change the Earth s Surface

Some Processes that Change the Earth s Surface PART ONE Some Processes that Change the Earth s Surface Science standards To prepare students to understand the Essential Academic Learning Requirements (EALRs) introduced at middle school, this series

More information

Earth Science Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion Reading Comprehension. Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion

Earth Science Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion Reading Comprehension. Landforms, Weathering, and Erosion Reading Comprehension Name 1 How many people have been to the Rocky Mountains or the Grand Canyon? When people go to visit these natural wonders, they may not realize that it took millions of years for

More information

Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II

Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II Geol 101: Physical Geology PAST EXAM QUESTIONS LECTURE 4: PLATE TECTONICS II 4. Which of the following statements about paleomagnetism at spreading ridges is FALSE? A. there is a clear pattern of paleomagnetic

More information

Tectonic plates have different boundaries.

Tectonic plates have different boundaries. KEY CONCEPT Plates move apart. BEFORE, you learned The continents join and break apart The sea floor provides evidence that tectonic plates move The theory of plate tectonics helps explain how the plates

More information

4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67)

4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) 4. Plate Tectonics II (p. 46-67) Seafloor Spreading In the early 1960s, samples of basaltic ocean crust were dredged up from various locations across the ocean basins. The samples were then analyzed to

More information

Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth

Earth Materials: Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks. The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth Earth Materials: 1 The three major categories of rocks Fig 3.1 Understanding Earth 2 Intro to rocks & Igneous rocks Three main categories of rocks: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic The most common minerals

More information

TECTONICS ASSESSMENT

TECTONICS ASSESSMENT Tectonics Assessment / 1 TECTONICS ASSESSMENT 1. Movement along plate boundaries produces A. tides. B. fronts. C. hurricanes. D. earthquakes. 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the movement of continents?

More information

Fourth Grade Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Assessment

Fourth Grade Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Assessment Fourth Grade Geology: The Earth and Its Changes Assessment 1a. What is the center layer of the Earth called? a. crust b. core c. mantle d. middle 1b. Label each layer of the Earth. 1c. What are the Earth

More information

Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates.

Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates. Notes on Plate Tectonics Plate tectonics states that the Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into sections, called plates. These plates move around the mantle. Plates are composed of the crust and

More information

The Dynamic Crust 2) EVIDENCE FOR CRUSTAL MOVEMENT

The Dynamic Crust 2) EVIDENCE FOR CRUSTAL MOVEMENT The Dynamic Crust 1) Virtually everything you need to know about the interior of the earth can be found on page 10 of your reference tables. Take the time to become familiar with page 10 and everything

More information

Earth Science Chapter 14 Section 2 Review

Earth Science Chapter 14 Section 2 Review Name: Class: Date: Earth Science Chapter 14 Section Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the three

More information

CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS CHAPTER 6 THE TERRESTRIAL PLANETS MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the four stages in the development of a terrestrial planet? 2. That Earth, evidence that Earth differentiated.

More information

MAJOR LANDFORMS IN VOLCANIC REGIONS

MAJOR LANDFORMS IN VOLCANIC REGIONS MAJOR LANDFORMS IN VOLCANIC REGIONS Volcanism is not randomly distributed over the world. It is concentrated near plate boundaries where plate subduction or seafloor spreading takes place. Other occurrences

More information

DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes

DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes DYNAMIC CRUST: Unit 4 Exam Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes NAME: BLOCK: DATE: 1. Base your answer to the following question on The block diagram below shows the boundary between two tectonic plates. Which

More information

Earth Egg Model Teacher Notes

Earth Egg Model Teacher Notes Ancient Greeks tried to explain earthquakes and volcanic activity by saying that a massive bull lay underground and the land shook when it became angry. Modern theories rely on an understanding of what

More information

II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013)

II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) EAPS 100 Planet Earth Lecture Topics Brief Outlines II. Earth Science (Geology) Section (9/18/2013) 1. Interior of the Earth Learning objectives: Understand the structure of the Earth s interior crust,

More information

How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form?

How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? 298 10.14 INVESTIGATION How Did These Ocean Features and Continental Margins Form? The terrain below contains various features on the seafloor, as well as parts of three continents. Some general observations

More information

Glossary. continental crust: the sections of crust, the outermost layer of the earth, that include the continents

Glossary. continental crust: the sections of crust, the outermost layer of the earth, that include the continents aftershock: an earthquake that follows a larger earthquake or main shock and originates in or near the rupture zone of the larger earthquake. Generally, major earthquakes are followed by a number of aftershocks

More information

Soda Bottle Volcano An Eruption Begins

Soda Bottle Volcano An Eruption Begins Soda Bottle Volcano An Eruption Begins Overview: Examine how gases provide the energy to create explosive volcanic eruptions by making comparisons to gases in a soda bottle and by conducting a carefully

More information

SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of a volcano

More information

Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies.

Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison. This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. Lecture 23: Terrestrial Worlds in Comparison Astronomy 141 Winter 2012 This lecture compares and contrasts the properties and evolution of the 5 main terrestrial bodies. The small terrestrial planets have

More information

Learn more at www.pbs.org/nature

Learn more at www.pbs.org/nature Lesson Title: Vibrant Volcanoes Grade level: 2 4 Topic/Subject Matter: Earth Science Time Allotment:1-2 class periods Overview This lesson will introduce elementary students to the fiery and explosive

More information

VOLCANOES AND OTHER IGNEOUS FEATURES

VOLCANOES AND OTHER IGNEOUS FEATURES VOLCANOES AND OTHER IGNEOUS FEATURES INSTRUSVE IGNEOUS FEATURES Plutonic-Intrusive igneous rocks can cool and solidify into large rock bodies: plutons Plutons form in all sizes several square meters to

More information

FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES FOURTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different structures of volcanoes. LAB: Modeling three types

More information

Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks)

Georgia Performance Standards Framework for Science Grade 6. Unit Organizer: Geology: Inside the Earth (Approximate Time: 7 Weeks) The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary. Many more GaDOE approved instructional plans are

More information

SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES SECOND GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SECOND GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Investigating the parts of a volcano. LAB: Comparing the parts of a

More information

Rocks and Plate Tectonics

Rocks and Plate Tectonics Name: Class: _ Date: _ Rocks and Plate Tectonics Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is a naturally occurring, solid mass of mineral or

More information

Chapter Overview. Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry. Echo Sounding Record. Measuring Bathymetry. CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces

Chapter Overview. Bathymetry. Measuring Bathymetry. Echo Sounding Record. Measuring Bathymetry. CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces Chapter Overview CHAPTER 3 Marine Provinces The study of bathymetry charts ocean depths and ocean floor topography. Echo sounding and satellites are efficient bathymetric tools. Most ocean floor features

More information

Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals

Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Earth Science Grade 4 Minerals Standards: Identifies the physical properties of minerals Teacher Background Minerals are pure substances and mix together to make rocks. Rocks have a cycle and different

More information

CATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS

CATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS CATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS The really big ones! This figure compares the size of some recent, well-known eruptions. Note how small the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and even Vesuvius are compared to Katmai,

More information

Igneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas

Igneous Geochemistry. What is magma? What is polymerization? Average compositions (% by weight) and liquidus temperatures of different magmas 1 Igneous Geochemistry What is magma phases, compositions, properties Major igneous processes Making magma how and where Major-element variations Classification using a whole-rock analysis Fractional crystallization

More information

Exploring Our World with GIS Lesson Plans Engage

Exploring Our World with GIS Lesson Plans Engage Exploring Our World with GIS Lesson Plans Engage Title: Exploring Our Nation 20 minutes *Have students complete group work prior to going to the computer lab. 2.List of themes 3. Computer lab 4. Student

More information

When Things Go Wrong

When Things Go Wrong When Things Go Wrong When Things Go Wrong Our planet has many wondrous things. We plant a tiny sapling and it becomes a mighty tree. Water runs in rivers. Rainbows appear in the sky. But it is not always

More information

Volcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes

Volcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes Volcano in the lab: a wax volcano in action: teacher s notes Level This activity is designed for students aged 11-14, as a simple demonstration of igneous activity. English National Curriculum reference

More information

Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics

Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics Hot Spots & Plate Tectonics Activity I: Hawaiian Islands Procedures: Use the map and the following information to determine the rate of motion of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hot spot. The volcano

More information

BASIC LESSON Objective(s)

BASIC LESSON Objective(s) [Geology - Landforms] [K-1: Basic] [Grades 2-3: Advanced] BACKGROUND Landforms are natural features of the Earth's surface. They are created by the movement of ice or water, earthquakes, lava flows, volcanoes,

More information

ES Chapter 10 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

ES Chapter 10 Review. Name: Class: Date: Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Name: Class: Date: ES Chapter 10 Review Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Scientists used the pattern of alternating normal and reversed

More information

3.9 GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND SEISMICITY

3.9 GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND SEISMICITY 3.9 GEOLOGY, SOILS, AND SEISMICITY The Hawaiian Islands formed as the Pacific Plate moved over a relatively permanent hot spot in the mantle beneath the plate. The long chain of islands that stretch for

More information

Plate Tectonics. Hi, I am Zed and I am going to take you on a trip learning about Plate Tectonics. And I am Buddy Zed s mascot

Plate Tectonics. Hi, I am Zed and I am going to take you on a trip learning about Plate Tectonics. And I am Buddy Zed s mascot Plate Tectonics Hi, I am Zed and I am going to take you on a trip learning about Plate Tectonics And I am Buddy Zed s mascot Continental Drift Alfred Wegener proposed that continents were not always where

More information

Volcanism and Volcanoes

Volcanism and Volcanoes Volcanism and Volcanoes Volcanism is one of the most impressive displays of Earth s dynamic internal processes. From a human perspective, volcanism can be a destructive force causing property damage, injuries,

More information

Essential Question: How did the theory of Plate Tectonics evolve?

Essential Question: How did the theory of Plate Tectonics evolve? Essential Question: How did the theory of Plate Tectonics evolve? 1. Look at a globe or a map of the Earth. Name the continents. (7 points) 2. How many continents are there? (3 points) 3. On a sheet of

More information

Transform Boundaries

Transform Boundaries Lecture 7 Plates and Mantle Plumes Transform Boundaries Transform boundaries occur where one segment of rigid lithosphere slides horizontally past another in response to stresses in the lithosphere. The

More information

The Earth, Sun, and Moon

The Earth, Sun, and Moon reflect The Sun and Moon are Earth s constant companions. We bask in the Sun s heat and light. It provides Earth s energy, and life could not exist without it. We rely on the Moon to light dark nights.

More information

1 Exploring Earth s Interior

1 Exploring Earth s Interior 1 Exploring Earth s Interior Crust Mantle Outer Core Crust-to-Mantle Inner Core Cross Section From Surface to Center SCIENCE EXPLORER Focus on Earth Science Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2 Evidence for Continental

More information

What do you imagine about the nature

What do you imagine about the nature CHAPTER INTERIOR OF THE EARTH What do you imagine about the nature of the earth? Do you imagine it to be a solid ball like cricket ball or a hollow ball with a thick cover of rocks i.e. lithosphere? Have

More information

Unit 4 Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 4 Lesson 2 Plate Tectonics. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Puzzling Evidence What evidence suggests that continents move? In the late 1800s, Alfred Wegener proposed his hypothesis of continental drift. According to this hypothesis, the continents once formed a

More information

DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES

DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES The earth is a dynamic planet. Its rigid outer surface layer is broken into several tectonic plates which are in constant motion relative to one another. As demonstrated

More information

Unit Plan: Plate Tectonics Shannon B. Carpenter TE 804 1/25/02

Unit Plan: Plate Tectonics Shannon B. Carpenter TE 804 1/25/02 Unit Plan: Plate Tectonics Shannon B. Carpenter TE 804 1/25/02 This unit plan is intended to cover about seven weeks and would be appropriate for a middle school general science class or an introductory

More information

The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties.

The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties. Plate Tectonics Lecture Notes: Slide 1. Title Slide Slide 2. The interior of the Earth is divided into layers based on chemical and physical properties. The Earth has an outer silica-rich, solid crust,

More information

Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Layers of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Objectives: explain various ways the earth can be changed by natural forces define the term Geology define the terms Crust, Mantle, Outer Core and Inner Core classify

More information

Chesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science

Chesapeake Bay Governor School for Marine and Environmental Science Choose the best answer and write on the answer sheet provided. 1. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an effect of global warming? (a) Loss of fertile delta regions for agriculture (b) Change

More information

Igneous rocks formed when hot molten material (magma) cools and hardens (crystallizes).

Igneous rocks formed when hot molten material (magma) cools and hardens (crystallizes). Objectives You will learn about how the land of North Dakota was formed. Introduction North Dakota is a wonderful place to live. Have you ever though about how it was formed? To answer that question, you

More information

Volcanic Hazards & Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic Hazards & Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions Page 1 of 11 EENS 3050 Tulane University Natural Disasters Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Volcanic Hazards & Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions This page last updated on 03-Jul-2012 Volcanic Hazards This lecture

More information

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH Contents 1. Main Objectives 2. Useful Websites 3. Pupil Vocabulary Cards 4. Word Wall Cards 5. Glossary 6. Key Question Cards 7. Prior Learning Diagram 8. Hands-on Activities

More information

Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics LEVELED READER Y. www.readinga-z.com. Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials.

Plate Tectonics. Plate Tectonics LEVELED READER Y. www.readinga-z.com. Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of books and materials. Plate Tectonics A Reading A Z Level Y Leveled Reader Word Count: 1,933 LEVELED READER Y Plate Tectonics Written by William Harryman Illustrated by Signe Nordin Visit www.readinga-z.com for thousands of

More information

Lesson 3: The formation of mountains Factsheet for teachers

Lesson 3: The formation of mountains Factsheet for teachers Lesson 3: The formation of mountains Factsheet for teachers Vocabulary This lesson uses the following geographical terms. These should be used and explained to pupils as the lesson is taught. Core, mantle,

More information

Plate Tectonics Chapter 2

Plate Tectonics Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics Chapter 2 Does not include complete lecture notes. Continental drift: An idea before its time Alfred Wegener First proposed his continental drift hypothesis in 1915 Published The Origin

More information

Continental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on:

Continental Drift. Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Continental Drift Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Proposed that all of the continents were once part of a large supercontinent - Pangaea Based on: Similarities in shorelines

More information

Alfred Wegener s Theory of Continental Drift Became Modern Plate Tectonics. Wegener in Greenland about 1912. He froze to death there in 1930.

Alfred Wegener s Theory of Continental Drift Became Modern Plate Tectonics. Wegener in Greenland about 1912. He froze to death there in 1930. Alfred Wegener s Theory of Continental Drift Became Modern Plate Tectonics Wegener in Greenland about 1912. He froze to death there in 1930. Science is self correcting. The Scientific Method The history

More information

Introduction and Origin of the Earth

Introduction and Origin of the Earth Page 1 of 5 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Introduction and Origin of the Earth This page last updated on 30-Jul-2015 Geology, What is it? Geology is the study of

More information

Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007

Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 Plate Tectonics Practice Questions and Answers Revised August 2007 1. Please fill in the missing labels. 2. Please fill in the missing labels. 3. How many large plates form the outer shell of the earth?

More information

Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms

Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms Climate, Vegetation, and Landforms Definitions Climate is the average weather of a place over many years Geographers discuss five broad types of climates Moderate, dry, tropical, continental, polar Vegetation:

More information

The Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior.

The Earth System. The geosphere is the solid Earth that includes the continental and oceanic crust as well as the various layers of Earth s interior. The Earth System The atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds Earth. It consists of a mixture of gases composed primarily of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. The atmosphere and

More information

Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I

Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I Standards Addressed Lesson 13: Plate Tectonics I Overview Lesson 13 introduces students to geological oceanography by presenting the basic structure of the Earth and the properties of Earth s primary layers.

More information

Igneous Rocks. Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists

Igneous Rocks. Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists Igneous Rocks Geology 200 Geology for Environmental Scientists Magma Compositions Ultramafic - composition of mantle Mafic - composition of basalt, e.g. oceanic crust. 900-1200 o C, 50% SiO 2 Intermediate

More information

II. 2005 Core Knowledge National Conference, The Structure of the Earth, 4 th Grade 1

II. 2005 Core Knowledge National Conference, The Structure of the Earth, 4 th Grade 1 The Structure of the Earth Grade Level or Special Area: 4 th Grade Written by: Janet Child, John Hancock Charter School, Pleasant Grove, UT and Laura Wirsig, Belle Creek Charter School, Brighton, CO Length

More information

Magmas and Igneous Rocks

Magmas and Igneous Rocks Page 1 of 14 EENS 1110 Tulane University Physical Geology Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Magmas and Igneous Rocks This page last updated on 03-Sep-2015 Magma and Igneous Rocks Igneous Rocks are formed by crystallization

More information

PLATE TECTONICS EXERCISE (Modified from North Seattle Community College online exercise)

PLATE TECTONICS EXERCISE (Modified from North Seattle Community College online exercise) PLATE TECTONICS EXERCISE (Modified from North Seattle Community College online exercise) Introduction: As discussed in our textbook, the speed at which tectonic plates move has been calculated in several

More information

Volcanoes. Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages. Volcanoes-1. March 2007

Volcanoes. Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages. Volcanoes-1. March 2007 Volcanoes Learn about your community s risk from hazards created by volcanic eruptions. While you may be located far from a volcano, the ash from an explosive eruption could affect your area. Contact your

More information

Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics -- Multi-format Test

Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics -- Multi-format Test Name: Class: Date: ID: A Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics -- Multi-format Test Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the

More information

California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping

California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,

More information

Earth Science Module 21. Plate Tectonics: The Earth in Motion. Plate Tectonics Module Study Notes and Outline. Creationist Model

Earth Science Module 21. Plate Tectonics: The Earth in Motion. Plate Tectonics Module Study Notes and Outline. Creationist Model Earth Science Module 21 Plate Tectonics: The Earth in Motion Plate Tectonics Module Study Notes and Outline Creationist Model I. Scientists shift their paradigm A. When the data supporting plate tectonics

More information

Geol 101: Physical Geology Summer 2007 EXAM 1

Geol 101: Physical Geology Summer 2007 EXAM 1 Geol 101: Physical Geology Summer 2007 EXAM 1 Write your name out in full on the scantron form and fill in the corresponding ovals to spell out your name. Also fill in your student ID number in the space

More information

Using Google Earth to Explore Plate Tectonics

Using Google Earth to Explore Plate Tectonics Using Google Earth to Explore Plate Tectonics Laurel Goodell, Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 laurel@princeton.edu Inspired by, and borrows from, the GIS-based Exploring

More information

Plate Tectonics Lab. Continental Drift. The Birth of Plate Tectonics

Plate Tectonics Lab. Continental Drift. The Birth of Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Lab Continental Drift Take a look at a globe sometime and observe the remarkable fit between South America and Africa. Could they have, in fact, been connected? During the 19th and early

More information

Plate Tectonics. Earth, 9 th edition Chapter 2

Plate Tectonics. Earth, 9 th edition Chapter 2 1 Plate Tectonics Earth, 9 th edition Chapter 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... Continental Drift

More information

Step 2: Learn where the nearest divergent boundaries are located.

Step 2: Learn where the nearest divergent boundaries are located. What happens when plates diverge? Plates spread apart, or diverge, from each other at divergent boundaries. At these boundaries new ocean crust is added to the Earth s surface and ocean basins are created.

More information

VOLCANIC ERUPTION. Definition of Hazard

VOLCANIC ERUPTION. Definition of Hazard VOLCANIC ERUPTION Definition of Hazard A volcano is a vent in the earth's crust through which molten rock (magma), rock fragments, gases, and ashes are ejected from the earth's interior. A volcano is created

More information

KINDERGARTEN PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

KINDERGARTEN PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES KINDERGARTEN PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF KINDERGARTEN VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Learning that all mountains are not volcanoes. LAB: Investigating rocks

More information

Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries Deborah Jordan and Samuel Spiegel

Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries Deborah Jordan and Samuel Spiegel Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries Deborah Jordan and Samuel Spiegel Jordan, Deborah and Spiegel, Samuel: Learning Research Development Center, University of Pittsburgh. Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries.

More information

Kilauea: Hawaii. Kilauea Facts. Kilauea. Kilauea as hazard. Tsunamis

Kilauea: Hawaii. Kilauea Facts. Kilauea. Kilauea as hazard. Tsunamis Kilauea: Hawaii Kilauea is the worldʼs most active volcano. It is an exciting volcano to study because it is part of a massive chain of powerful volcanoes that makes up the Hawaiian chain. Kilauea Facts

More information

SIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES

SIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES SIXTH GRADE PLATE TECTONICS 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES PLATE TECTONIC CYCLE OVERVIEW OF SIXTH GRADE VOLCANOES WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing the structure of different types of volcanoes. LAB: Plotting

More information

Section 1 The Earth System

Section 1 The Earth System Section 1 The Earth System Key Concept Earth is a complex system made up of many smaller systems through which matter and energy are continuously cycled. What You Will Learn Energy and matter flow through

More information

Modeling Volcanic Eruptions

Modeling Volcanic Eruptions Modeling Volcanic Eruptions New Mexico Adventures in Supercomputing Challenge Final Report April 6, 2005 Team 052 Rio Rancho Mid-High School Team Members John Bell Nick Vigil Teacher Sponsor Debra Loftin

More information

Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide

Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide Name: Class: Date: Plate Tectonics Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The existence of coal beds in Antarctica

More information

We encourage open play and discovery. Explore each view of the Earth: swipe, tap, and scroll to reveal surprises that support learning.

We encourage open play and discovery. Explore each view of the Earth: swipe, tap, and scroll to reveal surprises that support learning. HANDBOOK The Earth is changing all the time right under our feet! We may not be able to see it happening, but landforms like mountains and beaches move. They weren t always where they are now and won t

More information