Volcanoes Module Study Notes and Outline Volcanic Eruptions
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1 Earth Science Module 6 Volcanoes Main points of module on volcanoes The composition of the magma, which is stored in a chamber below the volcano and exits through opening called vents, affect how explosive the volcano will be. Nonexplosive eruptions produce lava, magma that flows onto the surface, but explosive eruptions produce pyroclastic materials, fragments that harden from magma in the explosion. Volcanic eruptions can cause short-term climate change and build volcanic cones (mountains) or lava plateaus. Volcanoes are most likely to erupt when and where lower pressure under major faults allows magma to collect, usually near coasts or middle of the ocean. Measurements of tremors, gases, temperature, and swelling of the volcano help predict eruptions. Volcanic Eruptions I. Volcanoes are openings in the Earth s surface through which magma and gases are expelled. A. Volcanoes are usually conical mountains, but they can be a long crack in a valley. Most people are talking about the mountain when they use the word volcano. II. Volcanic eruptions can be explosive, like Mt. Saint Helens, all the way to nonexplosive where lava just bubbles out and flows slowly like in the Hawaiian volcanoes. A. During an eruption, magma is forced to the Earth s surface, along with volcanic gases (often poisonous) including water vapor or superheated water. B. Nonexplosive eruptions 1. These consist of usually slowly flowing lava and slowly escaping gases. These eruptions are typical of mid ocean islands and rift zones. The mid-ocean ridges have rift zones running down their middles, and this is where the lava slowly flows out onto the ocean
2 floor building up the mid-ocean ridge. Some rift zones occur on land as well. C. Explosive eruptions 1. In explosive eruptions, sudden release of hot gas and magma cause the top or even a whole mountain to explode with the power of more than 10,000 atomic bombs. 2. The magna and rock sides of the volcano are blown into particles of different sizes from dust-like ash to house-sized boulders. III. General structure of a volcano A. Below the volcanic cone is a large mass of magma call the magma chamber that feeds the volcano B. Cracks in the rock of the volcanic cone allow the magma to be released through openings called vents (at the tip and often on the sides) IV. What is in the magma? The composition of the magma affects how explosive the volcano is. A. Lots of water in the magma means an explosion is more likely. When the magma gets near the surface the lower pressure lets the water (and any carbon dioxide) to suddenly turn to gas (like shaking and opening a soda bottle. 1. Lava from this volcano may have lots of gas bubbles and harden as pumice. (That why it floats.) B. Lots of silica (i.e., felsic magma) means it is more explosive because the magma is stiff and hardens in the vents, plugging the volcano. Pressure builds up from below until the plug cracks, pressure is suddenly released and the volcano explodes. C. Less silica (more mafic magma) is more plastic and usually flows out steadily. V. What come out of the volcano A. Lava is magma that flows out on the surface from the vents (mostly in less explosive eruptions). The word lava is also used for the rock that hardens from the flowing lava. 1. Thin, runny lava hardens quickly into jagged, brittle lava rock called aa lava (that is what you say when you walk on it) or underwater it forms pillow lava. 2. Thick, sticky lava hardens more slowly into ropy or pahoehoe lava that flows a long way or blocky lava that is not so hot and hardens near the vent. B. Solid fragments coming from the volcano are called pyroclastic materials ( pyro = fire + clast = fragment)
3 1. Magma that hardens immediately in an explosion forms ash (dustsized fragments from exploding gas bubbles), pebbles, and volcanic bombs (rounded rock-sized). 2. Volcanic blocks are boulders blasted apart from the mountain side. C. Pyroclastic flows are extremely hot, flowing clouds of ash, larger fragments, steam, mud, and poisonous gases flowing rapidly (up to 200 km/hour) along the ground. These are dangerous! Volcanic Effects VI. Volcanic eruptions affect climate and build new land forms. VII. Volcanic climate change A. The ash and gases emitted from an explosive eruption can go high into the atmosphere and spread over continents, oceans or even the whole world. B. The ash and gases block the sunlight, cooling temperatures for a year or two. 1. The explosion of Mt. Tambora in Indonesia, caused America to have The Year Without a Summer in The explosion of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991 caused global temperatures to drop a half degree Celsius. VIII. Volcanic landforms A. Actual volcanoes 1. Shield Volcanoes These are broad, shallowly dome-shaped volcanoes built up of layers of lava from nonexplosive eruptions. The Hawaiian volcanoes are good examples 2. Cinder Cone Volcanoes These are small, conical volcanoes that develop from moderately explosive eruptions. The explosions produces mostly pyroclastic sand and gravel called cinders that fall close to the vent. The Mexican volcano Paricutín at 400 m tall is a good example. 3. Composite Volcanoes These are tall, symmetrical volcanoes formed from alternating explosive eruptions with pyroclastic material that are followed by lava flows that cement the pyroclastic material into stable steep slopes. Mt Fuji and Mt. Rainier are good examples. B. Secondary volcanic structures
4 1. Craters after an eruption, the lava in the central vent drains downward or collapses leaving a funnel-shaped pit. 2. Calderas these are large circular depression around the main cone of a volcano that forms when magma chamber under the volcano, drains and the roof collapses. Yellowstone Park is a complex of three large calderas. C. Lava Plateaus massive nonexplosive flows of lava coming from rifts in the crust form elevated, but more or less flat, regions. The Columbia River Plateau, which is 3 km thick, is a good example. When and Where to Expect Volcanic Eruptions IX. When can an eruption be expected? A. There must be the right conditions of temperature and pressure. 1. Magma forms in the deep crust and upper mantle. The rock there is a hot, putty like solid because the pressure from the overlying crust is so high. 2. The rock melts into magma only when the temperature gets high enough or the pressure is lowered. 3. Since the temperature is more or less constant, melting depends more on pressure 4. When certain areas of the crust become weaker, then the pressure is less, the rock melts, and the magma starts rising because it is less dense than the rock around it. B. Predicting eruptions 1. Eruption history helps predictions. a. Extinct volcanoes have not erupted in recorded history, and not like to do so again. b. Dormant volcanoes have erupted in recorded history, and might again. c. Active volcanoes are erupting now or show signs erupting in the near future. 2. Measurements of activity a. When magma moves upward it generates low magnitude earthquakes (tremors) that can be detected by seismographs. These increase in number and intensity before an eruption.
5 b. Gases are measured because, as the magma moves up, the proportions of volcanic gases change. c. Before an eruption, the sides of the volcano swell, which can be detected by very sensitive GPS units. d. Infrared satellite images also can measure increasing temperature and gas release of the volcano. X. Where will volcanoes likely erupt? A. Volcanic eruptions are most associated with the oceanic crust 1. Contact between ocean crust and continental crust is often an area of weaker contact and lower pressure. Data suggest that some ocean crust is forced under continental crust in a reverse fault and then melts to form magma. The Ring of Fire encircling the Pacific Ocean is a good example. 2. Mid-ocean ridges form on each side of a rift in the ocean floor. This is an area of normal and strike-slip faults and, thus, lower pressure. Nonexplosive eruption of lava occurs there nearly continuously. Sometimes enough lava pours out to form islands like Surtsey that formed near Iceland in Weak spots sometimes form in the middle of the ocean basins (not near the mid-ocean ridges). There a persistent plume of magma forms a hot spot where volcanoes rise up from the ocean floor. The Hawaiian Islands appear to be a good example. B. Rift zones can also form in continental crust. Normal faults in these area cause lower pressure. This is where lava plateaus and some volcanoes are formed. The East African Rift where Mt. Kilimanjaro occurs is a good example.
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